



















, •/ >. r 



J>''- 



THE 

MOSAIC ACCOUNT 



OF THE 



CREATION AFFIRMED 



AND 



SILENT MONITORS OF THE PAST 

DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED, WITH 

OBJECT LESSONS OF EACH DAY'S PART OF THE 

CREATION, 

TOGETHER WITH THE FORMATION AND COLORING OF ROCKS, AND 

THE FORMATION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF COAL, SUPPORTED 

BY SCIENCES AS TAUGHT AND UNDERSTOOD AT 

THE PRESENT DAY, 

FROM THE CREATION TO THE PRESENT TIME. 

BY ,-' 

JKSSK^KING, 

',1 

OF NORRISTOWN, PA. 

^y OF coT,^ 



0^''f"3^/^ 



•» .■^ 



I JAN 231892 

P H I L A D E t.P ii'l'A ^'' ' ^ ^ ' 

JESSE KING, PUBLISHER. 
1892. 







^ 



\ 



\ 






Copyright, 1891, by Jesse King. 



PREFACE. 



In presenting this work to the public, the author realizes 
the fact that he has commenced a great undertaking. 

So varied are the opinions of men regarding the creation, 
or bringing into existence of this world, that we should 
endeavor to make a careful study of its component parts, 
and analyze and compare them with the scriptural account 
given by Moses, in Genesis, and unite science with his 
description. 

We are painfully aware, that we have some of the best- 
educated minds of the civilized world against us, but by 
carefully reading and studying their works, we discover 
their errors and profit by them. 

The science of geology as taught to-day may be looked 
upon as extremely dangerous to the youthful mind. 
Through its teachings the student is led to disbeheve the 
account given by Moses, which came from God himself, 
and to substitute an imaginary theory, which, when studied, 
proves to be a tissue of theories presumed to suit, to base a 

3 



4 PREFACE. 

science upon, known in our institutions of learning as the 
science of geology. 

We think, however, the time is not far distant when that 
science shall be replaced by information which may be 
more easily understood, thereby profiting the reader for the 
time he consumes in reading it. 

Jesse King. 



INTRODUCTION. 



The Creation — The Firmament — Like Causes produce Like Effects. 

" In the beginning God created the heaven and the 
earth." 

Here we at once introduce the Author of the Creation, 
God himself. 

I need not write it " in the nervous language of Script- 
ure," as my learned contemporary, J. Dorman Steele, 
A.M., chooses to term it, in his " Fourteen Weeks' Course 
in Geology," page 19. No ! I have the best of evidence for 
its authenticity. Were it not as Moses describes it, we 
might have just reason for trying to advance some theory 
on which to base a visionary science. 

We raise our eyes heavenward, and see the blue firma- 
ment extending to a height of forty-five miles from the 
earth's surface, which Moses tells us was created the second 
day. The modern geologist gives us no account of its 
creation whatever. 

We examine the earth on which we tread, covered with 
its mountains, lakes, and oceans, and find it corresponds 
exactly with the description given of it by Moses. 

On the third day, Moses says, the earth was clothed 
with verdure, — as we now see it. The modern geologist 

5 



6 INTRODUCTION. 

presents but little information to the botanist. Just how 
the sturdy oak came into existence without the primitive 
acorn is not expla:ined by them, although they allow that 
like causes are produced by like effects, in which we agree, 
and we make that maxim a strong point in our work. 

In order that the reader may clearly understand the 
matter which we are introducing, we will make a brief 
analysis of the subject. 

Geology, as taught at the present day, declares that " in 
that far-off beginning" the earth was in an igneous con- 
dition, and, while in that igneous or molten condition, it 
shone as does now the sun and lighted other heavenly 
bodies, and in process of time it cooled off and became a 
dark body, and has now to be lighted by other bodies. 

While in that igneous or burning condition it was in 
a state of volcanic disturbance, causing immense volcanic 
action, thereby forming mountains and valleys. Through 
what source they trace their theory is not clearly under- 
stood. They claim that all unstratified rocks which have 
no veins or cleavage are igneous rocks, and were once in 
a melted state, — such as granite, quartz, etc., — and conse- 
quently were the first to crystallize after the earth's sur- 
face began to cool ; and they have very ingeniously 
adopted certain names marking supposed periods suitable 
to the unsettled condition of that imaginative form of crea- 
tion, and occasionally give God credit with being in some 
unknown manner a party connected therewith. 

They entirely ignore the description given by Moses, 
forgetting that, if Moses had not written, they probably 



INTRODUCTION. 7 

would not have been aware of the true God existing to- 
day. Others have subsequently declared his existence, 
but Moses was the first. He says that, while engaged in 
the capacity of a shepherd in the green valleys of Sinai, 
God appeared to him in a burning bush, saying, " I am the 
God of thy father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, 
and the God of Jacob." And when Moses heard that, he 
hid his face, " for he was afraid to look upon God," or 
even the burning symbol of his glory. 

Geology, as taught in our schools to-day, names the 
Azoic system as the first or oldest condition of the earth, 
when the granite or unstratified rocks were formed, down 
to the beginning of the period in which plants and animals 
were created. They say, " That the Azoic age was long is 
shown by the great thickness of rocks which represent it, 
and that it closed by a grand upturning, bending, folding, 
and faulting of its rock accumulations." 

The second system they name as the Silurian, after the 
ancient Silurians which once inhabited that part of Eng- 
land and Wales where this system was well studied. That 
system they have divided into the upper and lower systems, 
and it comprises the first rocks which have fossils of the 
lowest order of animal life. 

The third system they class as the Devonian system, 
which is merely a fossil-bearing rock which is found near 
Devonshire, England. It is claimed to be like the Silurian 
or second system, but known under another name. 

The fourth system is termed the " Carboniferous system, 
or period," following next in order after the Old Red Sand- 



8 INTRODUCTION. 

stone, in which special vegetation grew to form our large 
deposits of coal that are found at the present day. 

The fifth system is the so-called " Triassic system," and 
is merely a fossil-bearing rock found above the Carbonifer- 
ous rock, and, as they chose to name it, is a rock of a 
later date. 

The "Jurassic system" is the sixth system in their order 
of invention. It comprises fossil-bearing rocks, also. It 
derives its name from the Jura Mountains, where it is said 
to be well developed. 

The " Cretaceous or chalk system" is the seventh system 
in their order of invention. 

The " Tertiary" is the eighth system adopted by them. 

The " Post-Tertiary system" is the ninth order named 
by them. 

'^ The present or recent system, and the age of man," is 
the last of their invention, which embraces a retrospective 
view of the last-named nine divisions of the observations, 
which are marked by fossil-bearing stratified rocks. All, 
as they allow, except the igneous or molten rocks, have 
been deposited by water, and have since crystallized into 
sand-rocks, limestone rocks, etc. 

They teach that mollusks, or the lowest animal life, first 
came into existence during the Silurian period, and that a 
gradual development was made thereafter with each suc- 
ceeding period of time named in their different systems, 
because the remains of mollusks, reptiles, mammals, etc., 
are now found in those stratified rocks which have been 
formed by sand deposited by water. 



INTRODUCTION. 9 

The science of geology, as taught at the present day in 
our institutes of education, is calculated more to confound 
the student than to assist him in his studies. If the 
Mosaic account of the creation, and the " destruction of all 
living" by the cataclysm which God sent, together with 
the period of time which has passed since that deluge, 
were strictly taught, the whole matter could be easily 
understood. 

There should be but three distinct periods of time 
named, — the Ante-Diluvian, the Diluvian, and the Post- 
Diluvian periods, or, in other words, the period of time 
before the flood, the time during the flood, and the time 
since the flood; which could be easily understood and 
will serve to cover the whole ground. It can be readily 
seen that some mineral substances which now compose the 
body of the earth, such as granite, quartz, etc., possessed 
the property of crystaUizing sooner than others, and such 
formations now found on the surface of the earth give evi- 
dence of water having once passed rapidly over them and 
wearing them partly away by erosion, and the careful ob- 
server will notice but little difference between granite and 
quartz in that respect. 

Limestone and sandstone of various varieties are fossil- 
bearing rocks which were formed by the waters of the flood 
carrying detritus which enveloped mollusks, reptiles, and 
mammals, the bones of which are to-day found in a fossil- 
ized condition, and all prove beyond a doubt the existence 
of the deluge which Moses has described in Genesis. 

It did not require those ages which our geologic con- 



lO INTRODUCTION. 

temporaries claim, to cause those deposits in those fossihfer- 
ous rocks. The flood before mentioned would have de- 
stroyed all living, and their remains must of necessity have 
found a place of sepulture somewhere, and, if buried in 
sand hermetically sealed from the atmosphere, and that 
sand crystallizing as it has, would furnish all the fossil- 
bearing rocks now found. 

Noah was commanded to build an ark, and to take 
into that ark for the future propagation of animals, as 
described by God, of clean animals by sevens and unclean 
animals by twos, which proves that God had a higher 
regard for the clean animals of his creation than he had 
for the unclean. 

Palaeontologists inform us that many animals existed 
before the flood that are now entirely extinct, notable 
among which was the mastodon, which at full size was 
sixty feet long, twenty-five feet high, eleven feet over his 
hips, and his tusks extended to the enormous length of 
fourteen feet. 

The author returns thanks to the following gentlemen of 
high standing for valuable information: His excellency R. 
E. Pattison, Governor of Pennsylvania ; David Day, United 
States Geological Survey ; Aimaro Lato, Secretary of Lega- 
tion of Japan, Washington, D. C. ; Ario, Minister of the 
German Empire; Frank Iszard, of New Jersey; Colonel 
N. M. Ellis, of Pennsylvania ; Gomar Walters Johnston, of 
Pennsylvania; Dr. John H. Mullen, of Pennsylvania; Hon. 
George N.Corson, of Norristown, Pennsylvania ; Dr. E. M. 
Furey; Daniel H. Streeper, and others. 



CONTENTS. 



INTRODUCTION. 

PAGE 

The Creation — The Firmament — Like Causes produce Like Effects . . 5 

CHAPTER L 

The Creation — Biography of Moses — His Marriage — His Death — A 
New Earth — The Creation of Light — The Earth set in Motion, Re- 
volving on its Axis 15 

CHAPTER IL 

The Creation of the Firmament — Pressure of the Atmosphere — Minia- 
ture Earth 22 

CHAPTER in. 

Let the Dry Land Appear — God Clothed the Earth with Verdure — 
Coloring Plants * 27 

CHAPTER IV. 

The Creation of Bodies to Reflect the Light of the Sun — Comparison of 
Relative Size of Bodies — The Sun an Electric Body and the Source 
of Fire — Electric Current from East to West — Magnetic Needle — 
The Earth a Star to other Planets — Rainfall caused by Atmospheric 
Distiubances — The Ideas of Geologists regarding the Earth's Forma- 
tion 30 

II 



12 CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER V. 

PAGB 

Science and Religion are alike God's Offspring — Igneous Condition of 
the Earth would have caused all Properties to Amalgamate — Different 
Gases — The Day not considered of Twenty-four Hours 41 

CHAPTER VI. 

Let the Waters bring forth, etc. — Let the Earth bring forth the Living 
Creature, etc. — He created Man, etc. — Adam Named the Animals . 47 

CHAPTER VII. 

Fire in the Centre of the Earth — The Diamond the Product of Crys- 
tallized Carbon — The Earth not in an Entire Molten Condition at 
its Centre — Volcanoes — Earthquakes • 54 

CHAPTER VIIL 

The Genealogy and Age of the Patriarchs from the Creation to the 
Flood — The Garden of Eden — Giants were upon the Earth — Stump 
of Tree in Cincinnati — Land Connection between the two Continents ()■}) 

CHAPTER IX. 

Other Land Connections, Islands of which yet Remain — Man Supposed 
to have Crossed from Asia to America — ^Noah Commanded to Build 
the Ark — Drifts of Tropical Animals and Vegetation to Siberia . . 75 

CHAPTER X. 
Description of Mount Ararat — The Ten Lost Tribes of Israel .... 85 

CHAPTER XI. 

The Formation of Rocks — Description of " Ringing Rocks" in Penn- 
sylvania — Prints of Hoofs and Paws of Animals in those Rocks . . 90 

CHAPTER XII. 
The Glacial Period — Glaciers carrying Boulders — The Johnstown Flood . 102 



CONTENTS. 1 3 

CHAPTER XII I. 

PAGE 

Soapstone and Asbestos — Conshohocken Stone — Scale for Measming 
Depth of the Deluge left in Limestone Rocks below Norristown — 
The Origin of Limestone as our Geologists Assert 112 

CHAPTER XIV. 
Port Kennedy Bone Cave 123 

CHAPTER XV. 
Speculative Opinions regarding the Deposit of Fossils in the Port Ken- 
nedy Cave — A Live Toad found in the Marble in Henderson's Quarry 
— Fossils found in Digging a Well Four Hundred and J'ifty Miles 
west of Omaha 134 

CHAPTER XVI. 
Glacial Striae — Corrugations in the Vertical Rocks along the Hughes 
River in West Virginia — Of Clean and Unclean Beasts — Animals 
Locked in the Polar Regions from the Equator — Rock found in Flat 
Rock Tunnel — Strata of Deposit in Bridgeport, Pa. ....... 147 

CHAPTER XVII. 

The Age of Mollusks — The Period of Reptiles according to Geology — ■ 
The German Mussel-Chalk and Keuper — The Ichthyosaurus, or Fish- 
Lizard of Antediluvian Origin — The Plesiosaurus — The Pterodactyl, 
a Flying Monster — The Dinosaurs (Terrible Lizards) — The Laby- 
rinthodon — The Ramphorhyncus 158 

CHAPTER XVIII. 
Age of Mammals, or those that Suckle their Young — Mammoths — Six 
Sketches of Mastodons found by a Farmer in a Bog in New Jersey — 
Brownstone — Bird-tracks in Brownstone — Greenstone 164 

CHAPTER XIX. 
Formation of Coal — The Mythical Ferns — Trees Rooted in the Soil 

forming Coal-beds 172 

2 



14 CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XX. 

PAGE 

The Mythical Ideas of Geologists regarding the Advent of the Carbon- 
iferous Period — Lecture Delivered in West Chester i8o 

CHAPTER XXI. 

Developments of the Anthracite Coal-fields of Pennsylvania by State 
Geologist Lesley — Professor Lesley's Observations near Chambers- 
burg, Pennsylvania — Composition of Anthracite Coal — The Manner 
of its Deposit — Wyoming Valley — Massacre at Forty Fort .... 187 

CHAPTER XXII. 

Volney's Opinion of Lakes once having existed in the West — Breaking 
of Reservoir above Girard College Grounds 203 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

Trip over the Catawissa Railroad — Letter from Minister of Japan — Let- 
ter from Minister Ario of the German Empire — Bituminous Coal — 
Secret of Burning Coal vi^ith Economy — Petroleum — Slate Formation 
— Graphite 210 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

Iron-ore — Marl — Deposits in New Jersey — The Remains of a Sea- 
serpent found in a Marl Bed near " MuUica Hill" 221 

CHAPTER XXV. 

The Enchanted Mountain of Tennessee — Large Tracks of Human 
Beings and Horses in the Rocks — Tracks in Limestone Rock along 
the Mississippi and St. Louis 227 

Appendix ■ 233 



THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT 



OF THE 



CREATION AFFIRMED 



CHAPTER I. 



The Creation — Biography of Moses — His Marriage — His Death — A New 
Earth — The Creation of Light — The Earth set in Motion, Revolving on its 
Axis. 

The origin of God is unknown to man. That gifted 
poet, Alexander Pope, beautifully conveys the subject to 
the imagination of man in the following lines : 

" Thou Great First Cause, least understood, 
Who all my sense confined, 
To know but this, tliat thou art good, 
And that myself am blind." 

I will here introduce a short biography of the author 
of the account of the creation as recorded in Genesis. 

Moses, the great Prophet and Lawgiver of the children 
of Israel, was born in the year 1571 B.C., and in the second 
chapter of Exodus you will find an account of his parent- 
age, birth, and infancy. His father's name was Amram, 
and his mother was of the house of Levi. He died in the 
year 145 1 B.C., aged one hundred and twenty years; his 
eyes were not dim, nor was his natural force abated. At the 
age of forty years, he slew an Egyptian whom he saw con- 

15 



1 6 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

tending with a Hebrew, and fled into Midian, where he 
married Zipporah, the daughter of Reuel, or Jethro, a 
priest, and hved with him forty years. 

Whilst Moses was keeping his father-in-law's sheep, God 
appeared to him in a burning bush, and sent him to deliver 
the children of Israel, who were in bondage under Pharaoh 
in Egypt. 

At the age of eighty-three years, Moses wrote the book 
of Genesis, which was fourteen hundred and eighty-eight 
years before Christ, or about two thousand five hundred 
and twelve years after the creation. The writings of 
Moses stand pre-eminent above all others. 

Sixteen hundred and fifty-six years had passed from the 
creation to the flood, during which time the progeny of 
Adam had peopled various parts of the earth, and their 
lives extended over a period of about nine hundred years 
each, which may have had much to do with their wicked- 
ness, knowing that each one living on an average to near 
that age no doubt was in their imagination nearly equal to 
an immunity from death, and if death did not intervene, 
eternal judgment would be deferred. 

This opinion may be sustained by verse 3 of Chapter VI. 
of Genesis, in which God, having seen the wickedness of 
man, shortened his days to one hundred and twenty years ; 
thus, " And the Lord said. My spirit shall not always strive 
with man, for that he also is flesh : yet his days shall be 
an hundred and twenty years." 

They have subsequently been reduced to " threescore 
years and ten." 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1/ 

But one person who lived among them, named Noah, 
who feared God and lived a just and righteous life, 
preached to them for about one hundred and twenty years, 
exhorting them to repentance. He was instructed to build 
an ark during that time, for God, seeing their wickedness, 
told Noah that it " repented him that he had made man," 
and that he would bring on a flood and destroy all living. 

Mute witnesses of that flood stand out in bold relief, by 
the presence of granite boulders being worn round by 
erosion from the passing waters of the flood while those 
boulders were in an embryotic state of crystallization, and 
of rocks formed since the flood, many of them being 
largely fossil-bearing, which fossils were deposited by the 
waters of the flood and have since crystallized, all being 
*' silent monitors of the past." 

Although Moses wrote his book of Genesis eight hun- 
dred and fifty-six years after the flood, or two thousand five 
hundred and twelve years after the creation, and all the 
foregoing had transpired, yet there was nothing whatever to 
inform us of that fact until his pen placed it on parchment. 
His four other books — Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and 
Deuteronomy — were all written within a period of forty 
years after his book of Genesis. Nor is this all : the Deca- 
logue, comprising the Ten Commandments which he re- 
ceived on Mount Sinai, is to-day the fundamental law on 
which all the laws for the government of every civilized 
nation on earth are based. The commandments which he 
has given us are the underlying principles on which all 

subsequent writings are based. " Thou shalt not kill," 
b 2* 



1 8 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

" Thou shalt not steal," " Thou shalt not bear false witness 
against thy neighbor," are among the most important 
elements of a just and perfect government. 

When a witness is asked to give testimony in court, he is 
reminded of that fact by the clerk of said court handing 
him the Bible, to impress on his mind the solemnity of the 
occasion, and the fact that he is about to speak in the pres- 
ence of God, whose words are contained in that volume. 
That book has a broad base, it is written for all, it is non- 
sectarian, and its teachings should be venerated by every 
one. We have no knowledge of any writings whatever 
existing prior to the book of Genesis, and Moses appears to 
have been chosen to deliver that information to us, so that 
we might have a knowledge of the true God, who created, 
governs, and sustains the entire universe. 

The reader will carefully peruse the introduction on page 
5, so that he may become the better acquainted with the 
subject. 

We can gather no information on the subject through 
any source whatever except what Moses tells us in Genesis. 

He says, *' In the beginning God created heaven and 
earth ; and the earth was without form and void, and dark- 
ness was upon the face of the deep ; and the Spirit of God 
moved over the waters. 

" And God said. Let there be light ; and there was light. 

"And God saw the light, that it was good: and God 
divided the light from the darkness. 

" And God called the light Day, and the darkness Night ; 
and the evening and the morning were the first day." 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 9 

We will here introduce our first object-lesson, so that the 
reader may more easily understand the creation of the first 
day. 

It will be observed that the earth was entirely enveloped 
with water ; but we think that there was no water as a part 
of its internal composition until after the firmament was 
created, which was on the second day. Quoting from the 
Douay Bible, Moses says in Genesis, Chapter II., verse 6, 
" But a spring rose out of the earth, watering all of the 
earth's surface." 

That occurred on the second day, after the firmament 
had been created and applied, the pressure of which shat- 
tered, or fractured, the earth, so that the water entered the 
interior of the earth, and commenced and has continued to 
pour through it to. the present day. 

We are aware that the earth is composed of different 
materials, known in geology as clay, or earthy substances, 
and minerals of various kinds ; and we believe that all the. 
earthy substances and minerals which now exist in the 
earth and form its component parts (except coal) were 
created the first day, but in a more plastic condition than 
we now find them, because it was a "new earth," and 
crystallization had not yet taken place. (This fact we will 
prove, as we advance farther with our work.) It is a 
matter well known to engineers, architects, and scientific 
minds, that water is a prime factor in settling or solidifying 
the earth : that for every cubic foot of water there is a 
weight or pressure of sixty-two pounds, and a body of 
water one inch deep covering an acre of ground is equal to 



20 



THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 



one hundred tons' weight. In contemplating the mighty 
mass of water surrounding the earth on that day, we can 
readily perceive the forming of the material of the earth 
into a globe or round body. 




THE EARTH. 

Illustrating the Creation of the first day ; showing the water around it, the weight 
of which no doubt moulded it into "form;" the upper or top surface illustrating 
" Let there be light" at the command of God. 

This explains those words, " And the earth was without 
form, and void," because the substance which now com- 
poses the earth was just brought into existence, and had 
not as yet taken any form, or shape, known in the science 
of mathematics, until it was surrounded by the "great 
deep," which may have been created separate and apart 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 21 

from the earth, the weight of which moulded, or shaped, 
the shapeless mass of material into a globular or smooth, 
round body ; and on the second day, when the firmament 
was created, the mountains *' were brought forth," and the 
valleys were formed, which will be explained in the creation 
of the second day. 

It must be remembered, also, that all bodies or properties 
composing this earth "and the furniture thereof" have a 
dual meaning. For instance, water is composed of two 
gases, — namely, oxygen eight parts, and hydrogen one 
part ; and many persons assert that the water which Moses 
describes as the " great deep" was a body of gases sur- 
rounding the earth. But we are willing to accept the ren- 
dering of Moses, who was inspired by God himself, who 
says it was water, and a scientific application of it as water 
would have served the better purpose, as above stated. 

We have as yet spoken only of the .earth and water of 
the first day's part of the creation. But God said, '' Let 
there be light, and there was light." 

From that moment time commenced. That mighty 
luminary known as the sun in the heavens was then created. 
Our earth was set in motion revolving on its axis from west 
to east, and it has continued to do so ever since, and will 
do so until it ceases and time shall be no more ; " and the 
evening and the morning were the first day." 



22 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 



CHAPTER 11. 

The Creation of the Firmament — Pressure of the Atmosphere — Miniature 

Earth. 

We will now introduce our second object-lesson, illus- 
trating the work or creation of the second day. 

We will here state that there is a difference between 
creating and making. To create is to form, or bring into 
existence, out of nothing. To make is to build, or make 
out of material furnished for the purpose. 

The reader will please pay particular attention to the 
creation of this the second day. 

" And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst 
of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. 

" And God made the firmament, and divided the waters 
which were under, the firmament from the waters which 
were above the firmament : and it was so. 

" And God called the firmament Heaven ; and the evening 
and the morning were the second day." 

What is heaven, or this firmament which God has cre- 
ated this second day ? Webster says it is the atmosphere 
we breathe, the sky, the air ; and is the abode of the 
blest. 

It is composed of oxygen and nitrogen in the following 



THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. 



23 



proportions : about four gallons of nitrogen and one of 
oxygen will make five gallons of common air. But it 
always has some other properties mixed with it. 




THE EARTH. 

Illustrating the Creation of the second day ; showing the division of the waters by 
the creation of the "Firmament," the pressure of which towards its centre caused 
the " mountains to be brought forth." 



It will be observed, also, that our earth has made one 
revolution, recording the first day of the year one, and is 
now making its second revolution, performing its second 
day's journey, at the rate of one thousand miles per hour 
at the equator, sufficient to dash it to atoms, were it not for 
this firmament or atmosphere which is being created this 
second day, which presses on the outside towards the 



24 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

centre of the earth with a pressure of about fourteen 
pounds per square inch, or about one ton per square foot; 
on a surface of two feet square there is a constant atmos- 
pheric pressure of four tons. 

That superincumbent pressure, when first apphed to the 
surface of the earth, while in its plastic, uncrystallized con- 
dition, had the effect of depressing the softer portions of 
the earth's surface, and raising or forming mountains of the 
mineral portions, which can be proved by examining into 
the formation of mountains. None of them on the face 
of the earth are of earth formation ; all are composed of 
rocks and mineral substances in their interior formation, 
thus forming our mountains and valleys. Agreeable to 
natural laws, by that pressure the waters of the great deep 
were forced into the low depressions, thus forming seas and 
oceans, immediately, on the second day, when the pressure 
was applied. 

At some places the ocean records a depth of five miles, 
while an equal displacement took place at other places, 
causing mountains to rise five miles in height ; or, to give a 
more extended idea, such portion of the earth's composi- 
tion as was formed of earthy substance sunk until it was 
sustained by a harder substance, and such portions of the 
earth's composition as were of harder mineral formation 
rose and formed our mountains, which, singularly enough, 
generally extend from northeast to southwest. 

We are indebted to Sir Isaac Newton for his discovery 
of the laws of gravitation, by the apple falling ; but he has 
left us ignorant of the true cause of its gravitating to the 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 2$ 

centre of the earth. That cause may be explained in the 
following manner : 

We see that the earth, when it was first created, was 
entirely enveloped with water, and this firmament when 
applied could not penetrate the earth, thus leaving the 
earth a vacuum as far as the atmosphere is concerned; 
which may be proved by a man descending in the water 
with a diving-bell, — he must be supplied with air by an air- 
duct from above the surface of the water. 

To further illustrate the foregoing, we will make a 
miniature earth of material suitable for the purpose. We 
will get a gum ball two feet in diameter, with an aperture in 
one place, the walls of which ball may be one-eighth of an 
inch thick. We will fill it with material of soft and hard 
substances suitable for the purpose. Having now got it 
filled, we will apply an air-pump to our opening in the ball, 
which air-pump must be accurately fitted to pump the air 
out of the ball, or embryotic miniature earth, because that 
same atmosphere, with its outside pressure, is inside also, 
pressing as much outward as inward, thereby forming no 
vacuum whatever. But, as soon as our air-pump exhausts 
the air, or firmament, from inside, you will see the outside 
of our globe, or miniature earth, changing its surface : 
where the surface is supported by soft substance, such as 
clay or earthy substance, it will sink ; where it is supported 
by hard mineral substance, such as rock, it will rise, thereby 
forming mountains and valleys. It will also be observed 
that the pressure is equal on all sides of our miniature 
earth, pressing exactly towards the centre, because we 
B 3 



26 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OT 

pumped the atmosphere out and formed a vacuum, which 
is the cause of gravitation towards the centre of the earth. 

But it will be noticed that God, who created the earth, 
needed no air-pump to pump the firmament, or atmosphere, 
out of the earth, because he first enveloped the earth with 
water, and did not allow the atmosphere to get into it. 

We have yet another wonder to notice in the creation 
of this firmament, showing the wisdom of the Creator, in 
this the second day of his creation. 

This firmament, or air we breathe into our lungs in its 
pure condition, is exhaled or thrown off in a poisonous 
condition, heavily charged with carbonic acid gas, which 
when exhaled enters into vegetation and supports it, which 
is again returned to the atmosphere in a pure condition. 

This fact, no doubt, had much to do with the longevity 
of the antediluvian race, who dwelt mostly in tents and not 
in crowded cities. There were but ten generations from 
the creation to the flood, including Noah, which extended 
over a period of sixteen hundred and fifty-six years. 

We will dismiss the "creation of the second day for the 
present, and will refer to it again in connection with other 
portions of this work. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 



27 



CHAPTER III. 

Let the Dry Land Appear — God Clothed the Earth with Verdure — Coloring 

Plants. 

We will now introduce our third object-lesson, and will call 
the attention of the reader to the creation of the third day. 







THE EARTH. 

Illustrating the Creation of the third day, when it was clothed with verdure, while 
it was yet cloudy with an aqueous atmosphere suited to supply an important element 
in its physical composition. 

God also said, " Let the waters that are under the heaven 



28 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

be gathered into one place, and let the dry land appear; 
and it was done. 

" And God called the dry land Earth, and the gathering 
together of the waters he called Seas ; and God saw that 
it was good." 

From the foregoing we have substantial evidence that 
the mountains and valleys were formed the second day, 
which science proves may have been done by atmospheric 
pressure, because we see the firmament or atmosphere was 
created on that day and practically applied. 

Moses tells us the waters were divided from the waters, 
which God called seas ; and we know that a displacement 
has taken place to form a bed — as it were — for the waters 
to lie in. 

God now speaks of clothing the earth with verdure. 
And he said, — 

** Let the earth bring forth the green herb, and such as 
may seed, and the fruit-tree yielding fruit after its kind, 
which may have seed in itself upon the earth ; and it was 
so done. 

" And the earth brought forth the green herb and such 
as yieldeth seed according to its kind, and the tree that 
beareth fruit having seed, each one according to its kind ; 
and God saw that it was good. 

*' And the evening and the morning were the third day." 

What wisdom God displayed in the creation of the third 
day, by providing food for the animal creation before it 
came into existence ; because it will be observed that the 
great whales and the fishes of every species, which were to 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 2g 

inhabit the waters, were created on the fifth day, and man 
and animals were not created until the sixth day. 

What a field of study for the botanist, — from the smallest 
blade of grass of but a few weeks' growth, to the most 
stately forest-trees of hundreds of years' growth, each 
suited to the climate of such portions of the earth as it was 
intended for. And, to add beauty and delight to the crea- 
tion of the third day, he created flowers, with mingled 
beauty and perfume, to delight the soul and inspire the 
muse. 

To study the creation of the third day closer : we have to 
admire his artistic wisdom in coloring plants and flowers 
through the rays of the sun, at which our knowledge sinks 
into insignificance. When we look at the sun, it appears to 
reflect but a bright light to the eye of the observer, but it 
reflects the varied hues of the rainbow ; for instance, the 
blue and yellow rays of light, falling on the rose, are ab- 
sorbed by it, while the red rays are reflected. The leaves 
of plants are green, because a peculiar chemical principle 
called chlorophyl, formed within their cells, has the prop- 
erty of absorbing the red rays of light and reflecting the 
blue and yellow, which combination produces green ; and 
the same phenomena can be traced through the entire 
creation. 

What exhilarating pleasures and delights are afforded 
man and beast, under the spreading boughs of the cool 
shade in midsummer, from the scorching rays of the sun ! 
No doubt it was that pleasure which inspired those fitting 
words, " The groves were God's first temples," (Bryant.) 

3* 



30 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 



CHAPTER IV. 

The Creation of Bodies to Reflect the Light of the Sun — Comparison of Rela- 
tive Size of Bodies — The Sun an Electric Body and the Source of Fire — 
Electric Current from East to West — ^Magnetic Needle — The Earth a Star 
to other Planets — Rainfall caused by Atmospheric Disturbances — The Ideas 
of Geologists regarding the Earth's Formation. 

I WILL now endeavor to represent the creation of the 
fourth day, which in the face of argument against me must 
be considered a Herculean task. If, however, I strike one 
point which is true, I will consider myself well rewarded 
for my investigations. 

We must bear in mind that much of the subject written 
by scientific men is founded entirely on observation, and 
each one gives what he considers the most plausible 
theory. Some, I am satisfied, is without any foundation 
whatever. 

But the most uncompromising obstacle is found in " holy 
writ." We read in Ecclesiastes, Chapter III., verse 1 1, of 
the Douay Bible, " For God has delivered the world to 
their consideration for dispute, so that man cannot find out 
the work which God hath made, from the beginning to the 
end." 

In the Protestant Bible the rendering of the subject is 
somewhat different, but the meaning is the same : " He has 



THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. 3 I 

made everything beautiful in his time ; also, he hath set the 
world in their heart, so that no man can find out the work 
that God maketh from the beginning to the end." 

My apology for making the attempt is the belief that I 
am supported by better evidence than most of my learned 
contemporaries. 

We will now introduce our fourth object-lesson, and will 
ask the reader to carefully consider what we attempt to 
explain. 

*' And God said, Let there be lights made in the firma- 
ment of heaven, to divide the day and the night; and let 
them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years : 

" To shine in the firmament of heaven and to give light 
upon the earth ; and it was so done. 

" And God made two great lights, a greater light to rule 
the day, and a lesser light to rule the night ; and the stars. 

" And he set them in the firmament of heaven, to shine 
upon the earth, to rule the day and the night, and to divide 
the Hght and the darkness ; and God saw that it was 
good. 

"And the evening and the morning were the fourth day." 

We will call the attention of the reader to the sun, that 
golden monarch of the celestial universe, furnishing light 
and heat to all the planetary system. Moses speak*s of it, 
together with the planetary system in general, on this the 
fourth day of the creation ; but we unhesitatingly beHeve 
that in the morning of the first day of the year one the sun 
was created, when God said, " Let there be light, and there 
was light." 



32 



THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 







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THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 33 

At that moment God started the earth to revolve on its 
axis, from west to east, which is the first perpetual motion 
noticed in science, and which motion is still the prime 
factor in reckoning time. Were it not so, how could the 
evening and the morning have been the first day ? Had it 
not been so, our scientists would have had nothing to have 
made time out of. 

No matter how we differ in our opinions, we can form 
but one conclusion, — that is, that the sun was created the 
first day. Plato calls the sun and planets the organs of 
time, of which independently of their stated revolutions 
man could have formed no conception. 

Although the sun was not named by Moses on the first 
day of the creation, still, its effects were noticed. God 
said, " Let there be light, and there was light." 

The earth was surrounded by water, and for three days 
the face of the sun was obscured by the clouds, or vapor, 
above the firmament, which we may term cloudy days, the 
light of the sun only penetrating through the clouds, which 
phenomenon is common with us yet. On the fourth day it 
shone out in all its majesty and glory. Thus we see that 
the first three days of the year one were cloudy days, and 
the fourth day of the creation was the first clear day. 

We have no way of forming an idea of the magnitude of 
bodies except by comparison. For instance, the earth is. 
25,000 miles in circumference at the equator, and its 
diameter is over 8000 miles. The diameter of the sun is. 
770,800 miles, being one hundred and twelve times greater 
than that of the earth. The sun's volume is 1,407,124, or 



34 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

nearly one and a half million times that of the earth, and 
six hundred times greater than all the planets united. 

We have but briefly noticed the sun and earth, but " a 
lesser light was created to rule the night, and the stars." 

We believe the moon and all other planets to be dark 
bodies, like our earth, each surrounded by an electric 
atmosphere, receiving their light from the sun, which is 
a concentrated body of electricity, created as the central 
figure in the solar system, from whence all light proceeds, 
and the entire source of fire, from whence all warmth is 
received, as well as the entire source and supply for all our 
modern electrical appliances. 

In describing the firmament or atmosphere on page 23, 
in the creation of the second day, I said that the atmos- 
phere was composed principally of two gases, — nitrogen 
four parts and oxygen one part, — but that there were other 
properties in it also. 

The careful observer will notice, when in a room where 
electricity is excited to action from its latent condition by 
dynamos, that a faint blue tinge is visible in the atmosphere 
of the room when lighted by electricity in the night-time. 
This pale blue atmosphere is electricity in a latent and 
partially disturbed state. That same electricity is present 
everywhere in the atmosphere, in every breath we draw ; 
and when we look to the heavens we see what we call the 
blue sky, or electricity in a latent state, regularly dis- 
tributed throughout the entire firmament, or atmosphere, 
extending, as we believe, to a height of forty-five miles 
from the surface of the earth. The atmosphere being 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 35 

more compact near the surface of the earth, it follows that 
the same condition exists with electricity. 

Electricians are uniting in the opinion that there is an 
electric current constantly passing around the earth from 
east to west, which is caused by the earth turning on its 
axis from west to east, which may be accounted for in the 
following manner : 

Our entire atmosphere is highly charged with electricity 
in a latent state, which atmosphere is carried around with 
the earth ; but it may reasonably be supposed, the earth 
being a solid body, that the atmosphere may not move 
exactly with the same precision that the earth moves ; con- 
sequently a current will be caused in an opposite direction 
from which the earth moves, which is from east to west. 

But that which seems most difficult to account for is the 
fact that, while the electric current is from east to west, the 
magnetic needle will poise at right angles with that current 
and will be directed north and south ; and it is presumed 
that, with the same law governing the case, the needle will 
take position or " settle" in less time at the equator than at 
the poles, in consequence of less motion of the earth at or 
near the poles. 

It is often asked, what is electricity ? The answer is that 
it is a subtle fluid in all nature in a latent or hidden state, 
which we feel sure is correct. 

We believe it to be supplied to all planets alike by the 
sun, and when it is night-time with us, and we see the 
moon and stars shining, it is day-time with them, and their 
light is reflected to us. The moon, being the nearest 



36 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

planet to us, reflects its light more brilliantly, especially at 
its full, as it is called, or when partially full ; which changes 
take place by the earth being at times between the sun and 
moon. We believe, when the sun illuminates our earth 
and we have day-time, as we call it, that our earth shines, 
or reflects its light, to other planets, and that the inhabi- 
tants of other planets see our earth as a star during their 
night-time. 

Nor is this all. The latent electricity which pervades 
our atmosphere supplies fire and artificial light for us. 

If we take a match, which is composed of chemicals 
easily excited by friction, and rub it on a suitable sub- 
stance, we find it will spring into flame, and, as long as 
there is wood or any other combustible substance to sup- 
port that flame, it will burn, or will be in a state of com- 
bustion, as scientists call it; but, when that combustible 
material is consumed, it dissipates itself in the atmos- 
phere again, or, in a common phrase, it " goes out." 

Again, to prove the fact of the sun being the sole source 
of fire, we will take a convex glass and focus its rays, with 
which we can create enough fire to burn a city. *' Every 
fire that burns, and every flame that glows, dispenses Hght 
and heat which originally belonged to the sun." (Tyndall.) 

It is further known that, by exciting or disturbing the 
latent electricity in the atmosphere, moisture is precipitated 
to the earth. 

It was first discovered in Germany that, after a battle 
where cannon and small arms were brought into active 
use, rain often fell, for which various reasons have been 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 37 

assigned. Some scientists say that by the consumption 
of gunpowder carbonic acid gas is generated in large 
quantities ; and by others the theory is advanced that 
the rapid discharge of fire-arms causes a vacuum, or many 
vacuums, in the air, thereby precipitating moisture, which 
may be the case. 

We think that any agent which causes a local disturb- 
ance in the atmosphere may produce rain, but none more 
potent than by exciting the atmosphere with dynamos. 
Powerful currents of electricity are carried through the 
air, causing a physical disturbance in its elementary parts. 

We know that rain-storms are accompanied by electricity, 
which proves that they are analogous to each other ; and 
we are disposed to believe further that the latent electricity 
in the atmosphere is excited, or disturbed, by friction at 
the cannon's mouth by each discharge, as well as by the 
vacuum formed in the air at the moment of discharging the 
same; and it is a matter which all close^bservers can bear 
witness to, since electricity is being developed or excited 
by dynamos for mechanical purposes, in large quantities, 
all over the country, for lighting streets, and propelling 
machinery, that our cloudy, damp, and rainy days have 
much increased. 

I will not state that a greater annual depth of rain occurs 
now than in years past, which was an average depth of 
forty-six inches in Pennsylvania, but the rain-fall appears 
to be more regular from day to day. It appears that local 
disturbances vitiate the influence of the sun in holding the 
moisture in solution in the atmosphere; consequently the 



38 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

atmosphere is disturbed and the moisture is precipitated to 
the earth. 

Not only is this the case on our continent, but an article 
appeared in the Philadelphia Record oi February 28, 1891, 
as follows : *' London, February 27. Viscount Volmer, in 
the House of Commons, will ask the Government to 
appoint a royal commission to examine into the question 
whether it is possible by legislation to mitigate the in- 
creasing prevalence oi fogs, which are so great a detriment 
to wage-earners." 

Our rain-fall is more general in autumn, winter, and 
spring, when the sun is south of the equator and its rays 
fall obliquely on us. In summer, when the sun is north of 
the equator and is shining vertically, or nearly directly over 
our heads, it has the power to hold moisture in solution in 
the atmosphere, and rain is less likely to fall ; or, to be 
more explicit, the physical condition of the atmosphere is 
not so easily disturbed by local causes. 

We will now ask our readers to please give us their 
attention while we discuss the theories of our modern 
geologists. 

It will be understood that our geologists reject' the 
Mosaic account of the creation, and try to establish a 
hypothetical account, on which to formulate a science from 
mistaken, visionary observations. They introduce their 
work by giving us an imaginary idea of " the origin of the 
earth's crust according to the nebular hypothesis." Well 
may it be termed a hypothesis, or supposition. 

On the introductory page of Professor Steele's " Four- 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 39 

teen Weeks' Course in Geology" we read, " Our earth was 
once doubtless a glowing star. In that far-off beginning 
it shone as brilliant as do now the sun and fixed stars. In 
process of time it cooled from a gaseous to a liquid form. 
It then assumed a spherical figure, in obedience to the same 
familiar laws of force which round a drop of dew. 

" Its atmosphere comprised not only the gases that com- 
pose our present atmosphere, but all the oxygen and 
carbon now locked in the rock and coal masses of the 
earth, vast quantities of mineral matter vaporized by the 
fierce heat, and in the form of superheated steam all the 
water which now fills the ocean. 

"The air, thus dense with moisture and poisonous 
metallic vapors, rested on a seething ocean of fire. Ages 
passed, and the earth, radiating its heat into space and 
thus cooling, began to show on its surface patches of solid 
substances, like the floating films that first appear on water 
as it passes into ice. These, gradually combining, formed 
at last a thin crust over the entire exterior. This was, 
however, constantly rent asunder by eruptions from the 
molten mass beneath. Huge crevices were opened, and 
torrents of liquid lava ejected from the cracks and seams 
were poured in fiery floods over the scarcely solid crust. 
The surface, arid and burning, bristled with ragged emi- 
nences or was furrowed with enormous clefts and cracks. 
But the earth had ceased to shine as a star, and hence- 
forth was itself to be lighted and at last heated from other 
bodies. As the globe continued to cool, a time arrived 
when the heat was not sufficient to support the water in the 



40 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

form of vapor. Under the tremendous pressure of the 
dense atmosphere, the steam was precipitated boiHng hot 
upon the heated earth below. Revaporized it ascended 
again, only to be condensed and returned as rain. 

" This process long continued cooled the earth yet more 
rapidly. The crust, shrinking and cracking as it hardened, 
became still more uneven with wrinkles and folds, yawning 
gulfs and fissures. The hot rain falling on the volcanic 
peaks, the torrents which poured down the mountain-sides 
and through the valleys, all combined to dissolve the rock 
and sweep the sediment into the deeper hollows. 

" The crust had not yet attained the consistency neces- 
sary to resist the pressure of the heated gases and liquids. 
Hence in this manner also enormous dislocations were 
made, whose folds and uplifts with deep gulfs and belching 
lavas denoted terrific convulsions. Thus a fierce conflict 
was raging between fire and water. 

"At last the water triumphed, and the ocean became 
universal. A hot, muddy, shallow sea surged round the 
earth from pole to pole. There being no dry land to 
divert its course, a constant trade-wind must have swept 
over this primitive ocean spanning the globe. 

" Astronomy teaches us the probable origin of our globe. 
As soon as the crust began to be formed by the mingled 
action of fire and water, geology steps in to explain the 
phenomena. In this vague and nebulous border-land the 
two sciences meet. From that time we find that the earth 
entered on a regular series of progressive revolutions, 
which gradually fitted it for the introduction of life." 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 4 1 



CHAPTER V. 

Science and Religion are alike God's Offspring — Igneous Condition of the Earth 
would have caused all Properties to Amalgamate — Different Gases — The 
Day not considered of Twenty-four Hours. 

The foregoing " hypothesis" would have done credit to 
the author of the " Arabian Nights." Educated men, who 
will pore over scientific researches for years, who will 
advance theories contrary to solid, sound reasoning, in the 
face of everything against them, and formulate a science 
and have it taught to the youthful mind in our schools, are 
certainly at variance with the word of God, and are to-day 
in a great measure responsible for the social condition of 
mankind. 

Over three thousand years ago and fourteen hundred 
and eighty-eight years before Christ, Moses penned a cor- 
rect account of the creation, which he received through 
inspiration from God himself, but which to-day is ignored 
by many of our educated men, who claim that the account 
is too superficial and lacks depth of meaning, or, as Pro- 
fessor Steele, in his " Fourteen Weeks' Course in Geology," 
says, " With the first motion of nebulous matter light was 
developed, or, in the nervous language of scripture, God 
said, ' Let there be light.' " 

4* 



42 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

They are, however, honest enough to own that " the 
study of science ought never to lead one astray from this 
great fundamental thought : God has assuredly never written 
anything in nature contradictory of himself; science and 
religion are alike his offspring." Yes ! But he who mis- 
interprets science detracts from religion. 

Professor Steele says, " With the first motion of nebu- 
lous matter Hght was developed." What was this nebu- 
lous matter ? Webster defines it as pertaining to a nebula, 
cloudy. What is a nebula ? A faint, misty appearance in 
the heavens, produced by stars. 

But from whence came this nebulous matter to form this 
earth, which our geologists say was in such an uproarious 
condition in the " far-off beginning" ? Certainly he that 
was able to create nebulous matter out of nothing at his 
command could as easily have created the heavens and 
earth at once, as Moses describes it. The creating of an 
object, substance, or matter is not so much a question of 
time as of ability to perform the act. If God was able to 
create it at all, he could as easily have created it in six days 
of twenty-four hours each as in any other period of time. 

We question whether this nebula which Professor Steele 
speaks of, which first lighted the earth, had any existence 
whatever as a luminary, without first receiving its light 
from the sun. Why not, then, acknowledge at once that 
the sun was created when God said, '' Let there be light, 
and there was Hght" ? 

Perhaps the strongest argument that can be adduced 
against an igneous condition of the earth, w^iich appears to 



THE CREATIOy AFFIRMED. 43 

be so potent a factor that the most iUiterate person can 
comprehend it, is the fact that, if the earth had been in an 
igneous or molten condition, as Professor Steele describes 
it, all mineral substances would have been commingled, as 
different quaHties of iron are mixed into a seething or 
fused mass by the " puddler" in his furnace. It is well 
known that all mineral substances will melt at a given 
heat. 

The miner of to-day could have found gold at his own 
door at home, no matter on what part of the earth he lived, 
as well as to go to Mexico or California for it. He could 
have found silver and galena in the same manner, without 
enduring the hardships and exposures of a life in the 
" Rockies" of Colorado. Neither would he have been 
required to make a journey to Lake Superior for copper. 
All these metals he could have been in possession of by 
simply sledging a portion off of any antediluvian rock 
formation which he might chance to stumble over. All 
mineral substances would have been combined. But that 
was not God's intention. He wanted to show as much 
wisdom in the creation of minerals as in vegetation and 
animals. 

Again, our visionary theorists tell us that all gases ex- 
isted at the time the earth was in an igneous condition. 
and that it then '^ shone as does now the sun, and was a 
bright, shining star." Do they imagine that the stars which 
now reflect their light on the earth are yet in an igneous 
condition ? 

Let us examine that theory. 



44 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

Our four fundamental gases are known in science as oxy- 
gen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon. 

What is oxygen ? It is a gaseous body found largely 
diffused through all nature, being an important element of 
air and water, rocks, earth, minerals, etc. Its principal use 
is to sustain animal life and to support combustion. By 
supporting combustion we mean that fuel is decomposed by 
heat into hydrogen and carbon, and these elements com- 
bining with the oxygen of the air produce combustion. 

Thus we see that oxygen will not burn of itself, but only 
when it combines with hydrogen and carbon. 

What is hydrogen ? It is an inflammable gas. The gas 
used in our streets is hydrogen, driven out of coal by heat. 
Hydrogen is the principal ingredient of water. But our 
theorists must bear in mind, when the earth was in that 
igneous condition, there was no coal. Hydrogen could 
only have existed in water. 

What is nitrogen gas ? — Now comes the difficulty. — It is 
an invisible gas which abounds in animal and vegetable 
substances. Its peculiarities are that it zvill not burn and 
that an animal cannot live in it; and a stubborn fact for our 
theorists is that four-fifths of our atmospheric air, or four 
gallons of nitrogen and one gallon of oxygen, constitute 
our atmosphere. Here is sound reasoning why this earth 
could never have been in an igneous state. 

What is carbon ? A solid substance, generally of a dark 
or black color, well known under the forms of charcoal, 
lamp-black, soot, etc. 

Carbon occurs in nature in two forms, — the diamond and 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 45 

graphite. As I have said before, all matter or substance is 
known in nature with a dual meaning. When we speak of 
a diamond we mean pure carbon in its crystallized state, 
which possesses the property of being harder than any 
other mineral, and is capable of either single or double 
refraction, according to its crystalline form ; but the prop- 
erties of that diamond in an uncrystallized state are coal, 
charcoal, lamp-black, soot, etc. 

We are sure our opponents will not try to prove 
that carbon existed while the earth was in its igneous con- 
dition. According to their theory, the igneous condition of 
the earth was before the carbonaceous period, and, if carbon 
occurs in coal and substances of vegetable formation only, 
they certainly were without carbon at that period. They did 
not have the juice of the apple before the apple grew. And 
four-fifths of the atmosphere surrounding that " brilliant 
earth" being of nitrogen gas, which will not burn, proves 
their theory to have no foundation at all. 

At the bottom of page 19 of Professor Steele's "Fourteen 
Weeks' Course in Geology" he adds a foot-note, in which 
he says that the word "' day" is of course considered not as 
a literal day, but is symbolical of a long period of time, — 
ages during which God was fitting this earth as a home for 
man. He quotes Augustine, in the fourth century a.d., as 
having called the days of creation " ineffable days," and 
describes them as " alternate births and pauses in the work 
of the Almighty," " the boundaries of periods in the vast 
evolution of the world." 

With due respect to Professor Steele, in rendering the 



46 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

opinion of Augustine as to the days of the creation, we 
think that he may perhaps liave misunderstood the meaning 
of Augustine when he said that the days of tlie creation 
were " ineffable days," the meaning of which is that they 
are unutterable, not to be expressed ; in which opinion 
every true believer can concur, be he Christian or Jew. 
Had Augustine declared them different from what Moses 
called them, — ^viz., " And the evening and the morning," 
meaning a day of twenty-four hours as we now understand 
it, — the Roman Catholic church would have pronounced 
him a heretic, and he would never have been known in 
the Roman Catholic church nor to the world as St. Augus- 
tine. They would not have allowed him to misconstrue the 
account as given by Moses, nor can we see any reason why 
they should, because the science of geology with its, hy- 
pothetical ideas was not promulgated at that time. There 
is no doubt that St. Augustine desired to give expression 
to the days of the creation in the superlative degree, which 
we consider yet not equal to their importance. 

And we further regard the six days, mentioned in Exodus, 
Chapter XXIV., verse i6, as being days of twenty-four 
hours each, in which it says, " And the glory of the Lord 
abode upon Mt. Sinai, and a cloud covered it six days, and 
on the seventJi day he called unto Moses out of the midst 
of the cloud." We do not believe St. Augustine would 
advance any argument different from what Moses has here 
written. 



THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. 47 



CHAPTER V I. 

Let the Waters bring forth, etc. — Let the Earth bring forth the Living Creatvire, 
etc. — He created Man, etc. — Adam Named the Animals. 

We will now introduce our object-lesson descriptive of 
the creation of the fifth day. 

God also said, " Let the waters bring forth the creeping 
creature having life, and the fowl of the air that may fly 
over the earth under the firmament of heaven. 

" And God created the great whales, and every living 
and moving creature, which the waters brought forth 
according to their kind, and every winged fowl according 
to* its kind; and God saw that it was good. 

" And he blessed them, saying, Increase and multiply 
and fill the waters of the sea, and let the birds be multi- 
plied upon the earth. 

"And the evening and the morning were the fifth day." 

By examining the creation as described by Moses, in our 
object-lesson, we find the description given agrees exactly. 

" Let the waters bring forth the creeping creature having 
life." We see reptiles and aquatic animals, of many varie- 
ties and species, inhabiting the waters and land, as seemeth 
to please them best, in all parts of the globe. 

" And the fowl of the air that may fly over the earth 



48 



THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 








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THE CREATION AFEIRMED. 49 

under the firmament of heaven." That description, given 
by Moses, agrees exactly with what we see every day. 

To the lover of nature nothing can be more pleasing 
than to listen to the birds warbling their songs in praise 
of their Creator, in early morn in the boughs of the forest- 
trees. In our latitude we hail the approach of spring, and 
love to see the feathered songsters return, to add new pleas- 
ures and delights after we have passed a dreary winter. 

"And God created the great whales, and every living 
and moving creature which the waters brought forth." 

Is not that description by Moses in accordance with- 
what we see every day ? It is true the creation of the fifth 
day, though vast and diversified, and wonderful within 
itself, does not seem of as vast magnitude as the sun and 
planetary system, from the fact that we see the creation of 
the fifth day, and are acquainted more familiarly with it,, 
and can comprehend his works of that day with more 
accuracy than the creation of the fourth day when the 
planetary system was created. 

But the naturalist will find enough to engage his atten- 
tion for a lifetime, by examining the creatures which were 
created that day, without anything else. But what great 
wisdom God shows, by having created the waters and the 
firmament first, for the home, support, and sustenance of 
those creatures already named. Well might St. Augustine. 
have considered those days " ineffable days." 

We will now introduce our sixth object-lesson. 

And God said, " Let the earth bring forth the living- 
creature in its kind, cattle, and creeping things, and beasts 
G d 5 



50 



THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 




THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. 5 I 

of the earth according to their kinds : and it was done. And 
he said, Let us make man to our own image and likeness, 
and let him have dominion over the fishes of the sea, and 
the fow^s of the air, and the beasts, and the whole earth, 
and every creeping creature that moveth upon the earth 
wherein there is life." 

" And God created man to his own image, to the image 
of God he created him; male and female he created them." 

" And God blessed them, saying, Increase, and multiply, 
and replenish the earth, and subdue it ; and rule over the 
fishes of the sea, and the fowls of the air, and all living crea- 
tures that move upon the earth. And God said. Behold, 
I have given you every herb bearing seed upon the earth, 
and all trees that have in themselves seed of their own kind, 
to be your meat; and to all beasts of the earth, and to every 
fowl of the air, and to all that move upon the earth and 
wherein there is life, that they may have to feed upon." 
And it was so done. 

" And God saw all the things that he had made, and 
they were very good. And the evening and morning 
were the sixth day. Thus the heavens and the earth were 
finished, and all the furniture thereof." 

Here, again, we see an important work done on the sixth 
day, but not as important as the creation of the first four 
days of the creation, because the whole of the creatures 
created on the sixth day had to subsist on what was previ- 
ously created for their use. 

Man, having been created in the likeness and image 
of God himself, must be considered intellectually by far 



52 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

superior to all others of animated creation. God gave him 
power to rule over all living creatures, and to subdue them ; 
and, in order that he might become more familiar with 
them, God brought them to Adam to see what he would 
call them. 

" For whatsoever Adam called any living creature, the 
same is its name even to this day." 

It is not mentioned by Moses, in the account which he 
gives us of the creation, whether Adam was created nude, 
or whether he was provided with a covering of hair, like 
other animals of the lower order of creation, to suit climatic 
conditions, which is a matter for naturalists to decide. It 
must be observed the Bible is not written as a book detail- 
ing historical events, any more than it is a book containing 
the statutes for the governing of mankind. What histori- 
cal information we get through him is correct, but he says 
nothing whatever regarding the clothing or covering of 
animals of any kind. 

It may be observed, however, that man of that day, 
when he was deceived, got his " eyes opened," and was a 
victim of misplaced confidence, the same as man of the 
present day. 

We have thus briefly outlined the work of the sixth day, 
and will now proceed to the seventh. 

" And on the seventh day God ended his work which he 
had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his 
work which he had done. 

" And he blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it : be- 
cause in it he had rested from all his work which God 



THE CREATION AFEIRMED. 53 

created and made," thus setting an example to Adam 
and his posterity to do likewise. 

Whether the foregoing account is true as Moses details 
it in the first chapter of Genesis, or whether we are to 
believe an idea formulated by our scientific men of the 
present day, and ignore the Mosaic account, is a question 
to be decided. 

If our children are educated to disbelieve the first chap- 
ter of the Bible, why should they not disregard the entire 
work ? 

We think we have adhered strictly to the text and fully 
supported the Mosaic account by the aid of science, and 
will now endeavor to explain a question which has always 
been a mystery to the ancients as well as to ourselves. 



54 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 



CHAPTER VI I. 

Fire in the Centre of the Earth — The Diamond the Product of Crystallized 
Carbon — The Earth not in an Entire Molten Condition at its Centre — Vol- 
canoes — Earthquakes. 

Modern geologists advance but one theory regarding 
heat in the centre of the earth, which is this : 

'' In that far-off beginning it was in an igneous condition ; 
that while in that condition it shone as do now the sun and 
fixed stars. In process of time it cooled from a gaseous 
to a liquid form. Its atmosphere comprised not only the 
gases that compose our present atmosphere, but all the 
oxygen and carbon now locked in the rock and coal masses 
of the earth. . . . The surface, arid and burning, bristled 
with ragged eminences, or was furrowed with enormous 
clefts and cracks. But the earth had ceased to shine as a 
star, and henceforth was itself to be lighted and at last 
heated by other bodies," and, according to their theory, 
" has been cooling ever since," although they are honest 
enough to advance the foregoing as a hypothesis only, 
and are willing to give the reader the benefit of the 
doubt. 

We take exceptions to their hypothesis, from the fact 
that, if the earth were to have passed through that igneous 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 55 

ordeal, all metallic and mineral substances would have been 
found to-day in one homogeneous mass, except coal, which 
is the diamond in its embryotic formation. 

We believe all minerals to be of antediluvian forma- 
tion, except those having carbon for their base, such as 
graphite, coal, diamonds, etc., etc., which came into exist- 
ence by timber and vegetation being deposited by the 
deluge, as Moses describes it, which may be termed 
minerals of post-diluvian formation. This, I think, should 
satisfy the mind of every intelligent being as to the igneous 
condition of the earth. 

How such an idea could be advanced in this enlightened 
century and be taught at the present day is incomprehensi- 
ble. Although it is gratifying to us to be told that the 
earth is gradually cooHng in place of being consumed by 
internal lire, I will now advance an idea which seems to be 
a more likely solution of the cause of fire in the interior of 
the earth. 

In "the first place, there is no fire in the centre of the 
earth, and never has been. But mineral substances, such 
as sulphur and phosphorus, are deposited in the earth, and 
form an important element in its composition, which 
combining in the earth under a tropical sun^ which passes 
over the Sahara, or great desert, for a distance of two 
thousand eight hundred miles, due east and west, and the 
Arabian Desert, seven hundred miles, due east and west, on 
which it never rains, and not even a cloud passes under the 
sun to obscure its ravs from the scorching; sand, together 
with a velocity of the earth at the equator equal to a 



56 



THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 




THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 57 

speed eighteen times as rapid as that of a raih'oad express 
train, all tend to generate heat in the earth through spon- 
taneous combustion. We know nothing is more combus- 
tible than phosphorus, even if it is deposited in small 
quantities, and all volcanoes emit large amounts of sul- 
phur even after they have seemingly become extinct. 

The heat thus generated increases to an unknown depth, 
as shown in our object-lesson, and then decreases as it 
nears the centre of the earth, because the imaginary polar 
line, passing through the centre of the earth, is a point 
wherein the earth is supposed to be at rest, thereby 
having no motion, or solar rays, to generate heat in its 
centre. 

In proof of this theory being correct, we have but little 
evidence of volcanic action before the flood, from the fact 
of the earth having been a new earth, and had only begun 
to generate heat, until the waters of the great deep covered 
it up. Sir Robert Ker Porter says he visited Mount 
Ararat, in Armenia, in a.d. 1820, and saw large quantities 
of eruptive matter lying around the base of said mountain, 
giving evidence of its having been in an igneous state in its 
interior prior to the flood, but none of the inhabitants had 
any knowledge whatever of its having been in an igneous 
condition since the deluge. 

It is also worthy of observation that nearly all of our 
volcanoes and geysers are in the equatorial regions except 
Mount Hecla, which is in Iceland; thus proving that our 
theory of the earth generating heat under a scorching sun 
is correct. 



58 



THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 



By examining the accompanying illustration, it will be 
observed that nearly all the volcanoes lie within thirty 
degrees north and thirty degrees south of the equator. 



N.Polo. 



W 




These volcanoes act as safety-valves to allow the escape 
of a superabundance of heat, which may at any time 
develop itself in the earth. Were it not that nature has 
provided such means of escape, earthquakes would be more 
numerous than they are. 

In order that we may judge of the velocity of the earth 
at the equator, we " will imagine ourselves standing in the 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 59 

city of Quito, built on the high ridge midway between the 
poles. Men, houses, spires, trees, everything in it, are 
whirling round with such swiftness that they sweep over 
nearly seventeen miles in a minute. Everything on the 
great thick girdle of the earth is whirled round equally 
quick ; and ever since the ancient Babylonians watched the 
risings and settings of the heavenly bodies from the top of 
the Temple of Baal down to the present time, the length of 
the day has not changed so much as a second." Although 
everything at the equator is whirled around at the rate of 
more than a thousand miles an hour, the rate is not the 
sam^e in other parts of the earth. At the nearest point to 
the north pole which man has yet reached, hills, icebergs, 
plains, and seas are all travelling eastward only about as 
fast as an express railway train. 

The nearer you get to either the north or the south pole 
the less motion the earth has. Having a knowledge from 
the foregoing of the earth's formation and composition, 
and it being at all times subjected to the burning rays of a 
tropical sun, which of itself would be sufficient to generate 
vast quantities of internal heat, and augmented by its rapid 
motion, the problem of fire at the centre of the earth is 
easily solved. 

If it were as our professors teach, that the earth had 
a crust of only fifty miles in thickness, and the remaining 
seven thousand nine hundred miles of its diameter were yet 
in a molten condition, with vast bodies of water pouring 
through it, would not that chaotic condition of nature still 
be enacted which they so vividly picture as its first condi- 



6o THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

tion, when in an igneous state, " in that far-off beginning," 
when the waters would come in contact with the fire and 
immense volcanic eruptions would take place, piling up 
mountain ranges as they claim they did before ? Although 
there are over three hundred volcanoes on the surface of 
the earth at present, comparatively few of them are in 
active operation at one time. 

We believe that if the whole interior of our earth was 
in one molten mass, and a body of water came in con- 
tact with it, that soon this *' earthly tabernacle would 
be dissolved," and all things terrestrial would be no 
more. 

I will here insert an article from the Scientific American 
of September 27, 1890. 

"new ALEUTIAN VOLCANO. 

" Everv vessel from the Aleutian Islands arriving at San 
Francisco nowadays reports the liveliest sort of doings 
along that volcanic chain. The subterranean energies that 
are incessantly seeking a means of escape to the surface 
have massed their forces along that line of volcanic vents, 
and are making a display of pyrotechnic brilliancy and 
awful energy that is seldom seen anywhere. It is now re- 
served for a very few spectators, most of whom are badly 
frightened by the exhibition. 

" Volcanoes that have not smoked for many years have 
suddenly become flaming chimneys, connecting with the 
molten regions beneath our feet. The grandest spectacles 
and the most remarkable phenomena are connected with 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 6 1 

New Bogoslov, which reared its head above the waters 
about eight years ago. . . . Old Bogoslov was puffing 
away with other volcanoes when Levasheff discovered it 
one hundred and twenty-two years ago ; but ten years 
later, when Cook passed within seventeen miles of it, it 
was quiet. ... In February, this year, the new island with 
its little craters illuminated the arctic winter for many miles 
around. 

" The night was almost as light as day, except when 
clouds of pumice dust filled the air. It can be readily 
imagined, therefore, that a perfectly enormous quantity of 
ashes and debris have found exit through the crater or 
craters at the bottom of the ocean. 

'' It is estimated that on February 22 the ashes from New 
Bogoslov rose to a height of about five miles, and the 
column of smoke, a dense black pillar, was computed to 
rise fifteen miles in the air. Such a sight as this is seldom 
witnessed in any part of the world." 

I will not attempt to give the reader a general account of 
the volcanoes now in active eruption, but will refer him 
to an interesting work by Mungo Ponton, F.R.S.E., entitled 
" Earthquakes and Volcanoes : Their History, Phenomena, 
and probable Causes." 

Now what causes these spasmodic eruptions ? Is it not 
heat which is generated in the earth, by turning on its axis 
with such terrific velocity, which seeks an outlet ? Earth- 
quakes in like manner are more frequent in the equatorial 
regions than elsewhere. 

I am supported in the aforesaid view of volcanoes by 

6 



62 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

Mungo Ponton in his admirable work, on page 343, where 
he says : 

" Volcanoes, again, may be regarded as safety-valves, 
which tend very considerably to mitigate the violence of 
the underground forces, by providing a way of escape 
for the elastic vapors that are generated or set free." 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 63 



CHAPTER VII I. 

The Genealogy and Age of the Patriarchs from the Creation to the Flood — 
The Garden of Eden — Giants were upon the Earth — Stump of Tree in Cin- 
cinnati — Land Connection between the two Continents. 

Having considered the interior of the earth, I will now 
speak of the earth's surface, or crust, as our geologists 
term it. 

It is not my intention to take cognizance of the spiritual 
condition of man, — that I will leave with theologians for 
the present, — but only to affirm the account of the creation 
as given by Moses. 

In Genesis, Chapter I., verse 27, it says, — 

"And God created man in his own image, to the 
image of God he created him ; male and female he created 
them. 

" And God blessed them, saying, Increase and multiply, 
and fill the earth, and subdue it ; and rule over the fishes of 
the sea, and the fowls of the air, and all living creatures 
that move upon the earth." 

That command, '' increase and multiply," we see literally 
fulfilled, and through that we are enabled to reckon the 
time which passed from the creation to the flood. 

Through the genealogy and age of the patriarchs from 



64 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

Adam to Noah, at the birth of their sons, we get the exact 
time required. 

In the fifth chapter of Genesis, commencing with the 
third verse, we read as follows : 

Adam lived 930 years, and at the age of 130 years begat 
Seth. Seth lived 912 years, and at the age of 105 years 
begat Enos. Enos lived 905 years, and at the age of 90 
years begat Cainan. Cainan lived 910 years, and at the age 
of 70 years begat Mahaleel. Mahaleel lived 895 years, and 
at the age of 65 years begat Jared, Jared lived 962 years, 
and at the age of 162 years begat Henoch. Henoch lived 
365 years (and was translated), and at the age of 65 years 
begat Mathusela. Mathusela lived 969 years, and at the 
age of 187 begat Lamech. Lamech lived "jjj years, and 
at the age of 182 years begat- Noah. Noah lived 950 years, 
and at the age of 600 years entered the ark. Making from 
the creation to the flood 1656 years. 

We have no way of computing the time from the crea- 
tion to the flood except by the age of each of the patri- 
archs when each had a certain son born to them, no matter 
how many children each one had born to them before or 
afterwards. 

Moses has given us a faithful record of a certain favorite 
son, and the age of that son, again, when he had a son born 
to him in the same lineal connection, until Noah entered the 
ark, also of Noah when he entered the ark, which was six 
hundred years. 

It will be observed that Adam's first born was Cain, his 
second Abel ; but sin had entered the world, and Cain slew 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 65 

Abel, which awful occurrence chronicled the first murder 
and death in the human race, thus leaving no son to 
Adam. 

The next son born to Adam was Seth, when Adam was 
one hundred and thirty years old ; and the genealogy of 
our race has been handed down to us as above stated. 

I feel anxious to impress the mind of the reader with 
this very important fact, because at the time of the flood 
the earth was comparatively new compared with what it 
is to-day. 

Although the mountains were formed on the second day 
through the pressure of the atmosphere, which I have 
explained in the creation of the second day, and they 
possessed all the properties they now possess, but in a 
partially crystallized form, the sun of only sixteen hundred 
and fifty-six years, in place of six thousand years (as now), 
had been shedding its rays on the face of the earth, and 
heat, in all probability, had not generated to any great 
extent in the earth, thereby causing but little volcanic 
action. 

Granite, quartz, and all mineral-bearing rocks were 
among the first to crystallize; in fact, all of the above 
named are of antediluvian origin. 

I will now give a partial account of the time from the 
creation to the flood, or the antediluvian period as it is 
called. 

In Genesis, Chapter II., verse 8, '' And the Lord God 
planted a garden eastward in Eden ; and there he put the 
man whom he had formed. 

e 6* 



66 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

"And out of the ground made the Lord God to grow 
every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food. 
And a river went out of Eden to water the garden, and 
from thence it was parted and became into four heads. 

" The name of the first is Pison ; that is it which com- 
passeth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. 
And the gold of that land is good ; there is bdellium and 
the onyx stone." 

It is particularly noticeable that Moses speaks of gold, 
bdellium, and the onyx stone, but not of diamonds, simply 
because they had not yet formed. Although the deluge 
had visited the earth about nine hundred and sixty-five 
years before Moses wrote Genesis, and engulfed forests of 
timber forming the base of carbon, yet we are of the 
opinion that diamonds had not yet crystallized from carbon 
at that period of the world's history. 

There is no doubt that the earth was densely covered 
with vegetation before the flood; that forests were more 
dense in their virgin condition ; that trees grew to enormous 
size, and were swept down by storms, and others grew by 
the sides of their fallen trunks, forming impenetrable 
forests, such as are not known now except in Georgia, 
California, Oregon, and the great northwest section of the 
United States. 

The great amount of timber and vegetation prior to the 
flood no doubt had much to do with the physical develop- 
ment of man. 

Moses says in Genesis, Chapter VI., verse 4, " Now 
giants were upon the earth in those days." 



THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. 6'J 

It is likely the generality of men before the flood were 
of a gigantic stature in comparison to what they are now. 
But these here spoken of, called giants, were not only tall 
in stature, but violent and savage in their dispositions, and 
were monsters of cruelty and lust. They no doubt dwelt 
in tents in the forests, under tribal regulations, and did not 
labor mentally or physically as we do, thereby prolonging 
their lives for a greater length of time ; although we must 
admit that the western hemisphere, or new world, as it is 
called, was peopled with a race who understood the arts, 
perhaps, as well as we of the present day, from the follow- 
ing, which the writer has copied from a work entitled, 
" American Antiquities and Discovery of the West," by 
Josiah Priest. 

" A gentleman who was living near the town of Cincin- 
nati, in 1826, on the upper level, had occasion to sink a 
well for his accommodation, who persevered in digging 
to the depth of eighty feet, without finding water, but, still 
persisting in the attempt, his workmen found themselves 
obstructed by a substance which resisted their labor, 
though evidently not stone. 

" They cleared the surface and sides from the earth bed- 
ded around it, when there appeared the stump of a tree, 
three feet in diameter and two feet high, which had been 
cut down with an axe. The blows of the axe were yet visi- 
ble. It was nearly of the color and apparent character of 
coal, but had not the friable and fusible quality of that sub- 
stance. Ten feet below, the water sprang up, and the well 
is now in constant supply and high repute. 



6S THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

** Reflections on this discovery are these: ist. That the 
tree was undoubtedly antediluvian. 2d. That the river now- 
called the Ohio did not exist anterior to the deluge, inas- 
much as the remains of the tree were found firmly rooted 
in its original position, several feet below the bed of that 
river. 3d. That America was peopled before the flood, as 
appears from the strokes of the axe in cutting down the 
tree. 4th. That the antediluvian Americans were ac- 
quainted with the use and properties of iron, as the rust of 
the axe was on the top of the stump when discovered." 

According to this opinion, it would appear that in the very 
first period of time men were acquainted with the metals, 
and as they diverged from the common centre, which was 
near the Garden of Eden, in Asia, they carried with them 
this all-important knowledge. If the stump is, indeed, 
antediluvian, we learn one important fact, and this is it : 
America, by whatever name it was known before the 
deluge, was then a body of earth above the waters, and 
also was connected with Asia, where it is allowed, on all 
hands, man originated. 

If it were not connected with Asia, it might be inquired 
how then came men in America before the flood, the traits 
of whose industry and agricultural pursuits are discovered 
in the felling of this tree, as well as a great number of 
other instances. 

In Morse's "Universal Geography," first volume, page 
142, the discovery of the stump is corroborated. 

" In digging a well in Cincinnati, the stump of a tree 
was found in a sound state, ninety feet below the surface ; 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 69 

and in digging another well at the same place, another 
stump was found, at ninety-four feet below the surface, 
which had evident marks of the axe ; and on its top there 
appeared as if some iron tool had been consumed by rust. 
The axe had no doubt been struck into the top of the 
stump, when the horrors of the deluge first appeared, in 
the bursting forth of the waters from above, from the 
windows of heaven." The fact of those two stumps being 
found at a depth of ninety feet below the surface, and the 
remains of an axe found, prove that America was inhabited 
prior to the deluge. 

But from whence came those inhabitants ? The eastern 
and western continents are to-day divided by such vast 
oceans, and*' Asia being the country where man had his 
origin, the descendants of Adam must have understood 
navigation prior to the flood, or how could man have found 
a home in America? That question can be solved by 
quoting from different authors in " American Antiquities." 
The same solution will hold good respecting the peopling 
of the American continent after the flood, by a race, or 
races, who were the descendants of Noah, who built some 
remarkable works, and who afterwards degenerated into a 
savage state and were known as our American Indians. 
The account is a lengthy one, but the reader may be 
recompensed by perusing it. It is thus given : 

" If the supposition of naturalists may obtain belief, there 
has been a whole continent, reaching from the north of 
Europe to Behring's Strait, uniting not only Europe with 
America on the east, but also Asia on the north, and may 



70 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

have continued on south from Behring's Strait some way 
down the Pacific, as Buffon partly believed, uniting America 
and China on the west. It was contended by Clavigero 
that the equatorial parts of Africa and America were once 
united, by which means, before the connection was torn 
away by the eruption of the sea on both sides, the inhabi- 
tants from the African continent came in the earliest ages to 
South America. Whether this be true or not, the two coun- 
tries approach each other in a remarkable manner, along 
the coast of Guinea, on the side of Africa, and the coast of 
Pernambuco, on the side of South America. These are 
the places which, in reality, seem to stretch towards each 
other, as though they had been once united. 

"The innumerable islands scattered all ove'r the Pacific 
Ocean, populous with men, vtore than intimates a period, 
even since the flood, when all the different continents of 
the globe were united together, and the sea so disposed of 
that they did not break this harmony so well calculated 
to facilitate the migrations of men and animals. Several 
tribes of the present southern Indians, as they now are 
called, have traditions that they came from the east^ or 
through the Atlantic Ocean." 

" Rafinesque says it is important to distinguish the 
American nations of eastern origin from those of northern. 
The latter, he says, were invaders from Tartary, and were 
as different in their manners as were the Romans and 
Vandals." The southern nations, among whom this tradi- 
tion is found, are the Natchez, Appalachians, Talascas, 
Mayans, Myhizcas, and Haytians. But those of the 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 7 1 

Algonquin stock point to a northwest origin, which is the 
way from the northern regions of Asia. 

It is not likely that immediately after the era of the 
deluge there was as much ocean which appeared above 
ground as at the present time ; but, instead of this, lakes 
were more numerous. Consequently on the surface of the 
globe there was much more land than at the present time. 
But from various convulsions, more than we have spoken 
of, whose history is now lost, in past ages, many parts — 
nay, nearly all the earthly surface is sunken to the depths 
below, while the waters have risen above ; nearly three- 
fourths of the globe's surface at this time is known to be 
water. How appalling is this reflection ! The currents of 
oceans, running through the bowels of the earth, by the 
disposition of its Creator, to promote motion in the waters, 
as motion is essential to all animal life, have, doubtless, by 
subterranean attrition affected the foundations of whole 
islands, which have sunk beneath the waters at different 
periods. 

To such convulsions as these, it would seem Job has 
alluded in Chapter IX., verse 5, as follows: "Which re- 
moveth the mountains, and they know not; which over- 
turneth them in his anger." Adam Clarke's comment on 
this verse is as follows : " This seems to refer to earth- 
quakes. By these strong convulsions, mountains, valleys, 
hills, even whole islands, are removed in an instant ; and to 
this latter circumstance the words * they know not' most 
probably refer." It can scarcely be supposed but Job was 
acquainted with occurrences of the kind, in order to justify 



J 2 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

his remark of such occurrences as being done by God in 
his anger. 

It is not impossible that the fact upon which the follow- 
ing story is founded may have been known to Job, who 
was a man supposed to be in possession of every species of 
information calculated to interest the nobler faculties of 
the human mind, if we may judge from the book bearing 
his name. The story is an account of a certain island, 
cahed by the ancients Atlantis ; and, as all learning unin- 
spired and general information was ajiciently in possession 
of heathen philosophers and priests, to whom it was the 
custom even for princes to resort before they were con- 
sidered qualified to sit on the thrones of their fathers, we 
are inclined to credit the account as it is given by one of 
those characters. Such were the Egyptian priests to the 
Egyptians, the Druids to the Celtic nations, the Brahmins 
to the Hindoos, the Magi to the Persians, the philosophers 
to the Greeks and Romans, and the prophets of the Indians 
to the western tribes. 

This island is mentioned by Plato in his dialogue of 
" Timseus." Solon, the Athenian lawgiver, is supposed 
to have travelled into Egypt about six hundred years 
before Christ. Plato's time was three hundred years later ; 
he has mentioned the travels of Solon in Egypt. He 
arrived at an ancient temple on the Delta, a fertile island 
formed by the Nile, where he held a conversation with 
certain learned priests on the antiquities of remote ages, 
when one of them gave Solon a description of the island 
Atlantis, and also of its destruction. 



THE CREATION AEEIRMED. 73 

" This island," said the Egyptian priest, " was situated in 
the western ocean, opposite the strait of Gibrahar," which 
would place it exactly between a part of Europe, its 
southern end, and the northern part of Africa and the 
continent of America. " There w^as," said the priest, " an 
easy passage from this to other islands, which lay adjacent 
to a large continent exceeding in size all Europe and Asia." 
Neptune settled in this island, from whose son Atlas its 
name was derived, and divided it between his ten sons, who 
reigned there in regular succession for many ages. 

From the time of Solon's travels in Egypt, which was six 
hundred years before Christ, we find more than seventeen 
hundred years up to the flood ; so that time enough had 
elapsed since the flood to justify the fact of the island 
having existed, and also of having been inhabited and 
destroyed even six hundred years before the time of Solon ; 
which would make the time of its destruction twelve hun- 
dred years before Christ, and would still leave more than 
five hundred years from that period back to the flood. So 
that, if King Neptune had not made his settlement on the 
island Atlantis till two hundred years after the flood, there 
would have been time for the successive reigns of each of 
the regal lines of his sons, amounting to three hundred 
years, before the time of its envelopment in the sea. So 
that the Egyptian priest was justified in using the term 
antiquities w^hen he referred to that catastrophe. 

" The Atlantians made invasions into Europe and Africa, 
subduing all Libya as far as Egypt, Europe, and Asia 
Minor. They were resisted, however, by the Athenians, 
D 7 



74 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

and driven back to their Atlantic territories." If they were 
resisted and driven back by the Athenians, the era of the 
existence of this island is easily ascertained, because the 
Athenians settled in Athens, in Greece, fifteen hundred and 
fifty-six years before Christ, being a colony from Egypt 
under their conductor Cecrops. One hundred years after 
their establishment at Athens they had become powerful, 
so as to be able to take a political stand among the na- 
tions of that region, and to defend their country against 
invasions. Accordingly, at the time the Atlantians were 
repulsed and compelled to return from whence they came 
was fourteen hundred and forty-three years before Christ, 
or nearly so." 

'' Shortly after this," says Plato, " there was a tremendous 
earthquake, and an overflowing of the sea, which continued 
for a day and night, in the course of which the vast island 
of Atlantis, with all its splendid cities and warlike nations, 
was swallowed up and sunk to the bottom, w^hich, spread- 
ing its waters over the chasm, added a vast region of water 
to the Atlantic Ocean. For a long time the sea was not 
navigable, on account of rocks and shoals of mud and 
slime, and of the ruins of that drowned country." 



THE CREATION AFEIRMED. 75 



CHAPTER IX. 

Other Land Connections, Islands of which yet Remain — Man Supposed to 
have Crossed from Asia to America — Noah Commanded to Build the Ark — 
Drifts of Tropical Animals and Vegetation to Siberia. 

At the period, therefore, of the existence of this island, 
a land passage to America from Europe and Africa was 
practicable ; also by other islands, some of which are still 
situated in the same direction, — the Azores, Madeiras, and 
Teneriffe islands, about twenty in number. 

For this story of the island Atlantis we are indebted 
to Irving's " Columbus," a popular work when published ; 
which account cannot be denied, but is exceedingly curi- 
ous, and not without foundation of probability. Was not 
this island the Bridge, so called, reaching from America 
to Europe, as conjectured by Dr. Robertson, the historian, 
which was destroyed by the ocean, as he supposes, very 
far back in the ages of antiquity? And allusion to this 
same island Atlantis is made by Euclid, who flourished 
about three hundred years before Christ, in a conversation 
which he had with Anacharsis, a Scythian philosopher of 
the same age, who had, in search of knowledge, travelled 
from the wilds of his own northern regions to Athens, 
where he became acquainted with Euclid. 



76 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

Their subject was tlie convulsions of the globe. The 
sea, according to every appearance, said Euclid, has sep- 
arated Sicily from Italy, Eicbcea from Boetia, and a number 
of other islands from the continent of Europe. We are 
informed, continued the philosopher, that the waters of 
Pontus Euxinus (or the Black Sea), having been long 
enclosed in a basin or lake, shut in on all sides, and con- 
tinually increasing by the rivers of Europe and Asia, rose 
at length above the highlands which surrounded it, forced 
open the passage of Bosphorus and Hellespont, and im- 
petuously rushed into the ^gean or Mediterranean Sea. 
We are told that Hercules, whose labors have been con- 
founded with those oi nature, separated Europe from Africa, 
by which is meant, no doubt, that the Atlantic Ocean de- 
stroyed the isthmus which once united those two parts of 
the earth, and opened itself a communication with the 
Mediterranean Sea. " Beyond the isthmus of which I 
have just spoken," said Euclid, "existed, according to 
ancient traditions, an island as large as Africa, which, 
with all its wretched inhabitants, was swallowed up by 
an earthquake." 

In considering this subject further, it is worthy of notice 
that the earth in its pristine formation was not as subject 
to internal convulsions as it has been at a later period, for, 
says Solon, " The Island of Atlantis was not destroyed by 
earthquakes until twelve hundred years before Christ, which 
was nearly three thousand years after the creation, and over 
thirteen hundred years after the flood." If, then, as our 
geologists assert, this earth was at one time in an igneous 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. yj 

condition, and has been gradually cooling off ever since, 
why did that isthmus remain which connected the two 
continents together for three thousand years, to be after- 
wards destroyed by an earthquake ? Does it not prove an 
increase of heat in the earth ? If the earth had been and 
is still cooling, that connection between the two continents 
would be even more perfect to-day than it was when it 
came into existence. 

That island or isthmus known as Atlantis existed at the 
time of the flood, which would have provided means for 
the descendants of Adam to have emigrated to America 
from Asia, where man was originated ; and the theory is 
advanced by some learned men that Noah himself dwelt 
in America and there built the ark, because we are told 
that it " moved on the face of the waters," and no doubt 
returned to Asia, where it rested on Mount Ararat, to re- 
people the world. But that is by no means definitely 
known. We see by the foregoing that it establishes the 
fact that man had his origin from one source only, and 
that was Adam, who through guile had sinned, and brought 
destruction on all living creatures except Noah and his 
posterity and such animals as he w^as directed to take into 
the ark with him. 

For it is written (GenesiSj Chapter VI., verse 5), "And 
God saw that the w^ickedness of man was great upon the 
earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his 
heart was only evil continually. 

" And it repented the Lord that he had made man upon 
the earth, and it grieved him at his heart. 



78 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

''And the Lord said, I will destroy man whom I have 
created, from the face of the earth ; both man, and beast, 
and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it 
repenteth me that I have made them. 

" But Noah found grace in the eyes of the Lord." 

"And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come 
before me; for the earth is filled with violence through 
them : and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth. 

" And God commanded Noah saying, Make thee an ark 
of gopher-wood ; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and 
shalt pitch it within and without with pitch. 

"And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: 
The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the 
breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits," 
— which, according to the measure in general use at the 
present day, would be five hundred and forty-seven feet 
long, ninety-one feet wide, and fifty-four feet high. 

" And, behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon 
the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, 
from under heaven ; and everything that is in the earth 
shall die." 

" For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the 
earth forty days and forty nights ; and every living sub- 
stance that I have made will I destroy from ofl* the face of 
the earth." 

Thus the edict had gone forth. The doom of all 
living was fixed. Noah and his family entered the ark 
and gathered in what God had commanded. An aqueous 
vapor rose. Clouds gathered. The sky w^as darkened. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 



79 




8o THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

even to blackness. Lightnings flashed over the entire 
heavens. Thunder shook the earth. Large forest-trees 
were wrenched from the earth. Terror seized all living. 
Mankind, to whom Noah had preached and urged to 
repentance for one hundred and twenty years, were seized 
with terror, knowing God's wrath was upon them. The 
lion sprang from his lair, and uttered a solemn requiem to 
all animal creation, feeling instinctively that their destruc- 
tion was at hand. Storm after storm swept the earth. 
Incessant cloud-bursts followed each other in quick succes- 
sion. Mighty masses of water rolled over the earth, 
deluging all things terrestrial. The artillery of heaven 
played as never before. And soon all animal creation, 
wherein " was the breath of life," suffered the penalty 
which awaited them. 

But Noah, who was righteous before God, remained 
secure, for God had shut him in by an angel, besmearing 
the outside of the door with pitch, while Noah did the 
same inside. That craft, that contained the cargo which 
was again to populate the globe, which was commanded by 
Noah and piloted by God himself, was the first and only 
craft that ever put to sea with a full assurance of a safe 
voyage. Did underwriters live at that day, their services 
would have been quite unnecessary. 

" And the waters prevailed beyond measure upon the 
earth ; and all the high mountains under the whole heaven 
were covered. 

" Fifteen cubits upwards did the waters prevail ; and the 
mountains were covered." 



THE CREATIOIi AFFIRMED. 8 1 

A cubit is 1.824 feet, which is about one foot and ten 
inches, so that the mountain-tops were covered twenty- 
seven feet deep. It would be reasonable to suppose the 
waters to have been nearly three miles in depth, which I will 
presently prove by a deposit of detritus near Norristown, 
Pennsylvania. 

The waters of the deluge, some writers assert, ran from 
west to east around the entire globe, through natural 
causes which they advance. Undoubtedly this was not the 
case. There is no reason to suppose that their courses 
were changed. We believe the same laws which govern 
the flow of streams and oceans to-day governed them then. 
There is unmistakable evidence that the waters through the 
eastern portion of Pennsylvania ran from, the Allegheny 
Mountains towards the Delaware Bay. We have undeniable 
evidence that the waters of the flood ran exactly in the 
same direction that the Schuylkill River now runs, which 
we will presently prove, although the Schuylkill River, at 
the point which I will refer to presently, runs in a south- 
easterly direction. 

It must be remembered that this devastation and destruc- 
tion visited the earth when it was yet new, as compared 
with what it now is. Although the w^aters surrounded 
the entire globe on the first day of its creation, still its 
earthy composition was not as solid as it was after the 
" breaking up of the great deep," and the repacking of its 
outer surface through the agency of a deluging flow of 
water for the space of one year. The sun of only sixteen 
hundred and fifty-six years had shone on its surface, to 
/ 



82 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

crystallize its rocks, instead of six thousand years, as at this 
time. Were that same calamity to befall the earth to-day, 
the earth's surface would present less evidence of such a 
vast change than it now presents. Mineral substances then 
were in but a partially crystallized condition ; only rocks of 
the earliest formation had crystallized, such as the different 
species of granite, quartz, and the gray sand-rock of the 
inner formation of the earth. The body of the earth 
was not solidly packed, as we see it to-day. 

We sink shafts into the earth to the depth of two thou- 
sand feet now, and find deposits of timber which has turned 
into coal, which proves that the earth's solidity then was 
not as now. We find rocks such as granite, and rocks 
containing small quantities of iron, also rocks of a mixture 
of gneiss and flint-like substances, all of antediluvian for- 
mation. But such rocks that contain fossils, of the mag- 
nesian or limestone varieties, or any kinds of stone what- 
ever containing fossils, or the different kinds of freestone, 
green sand, or serpentine stone (so called), coal, slate, plum- 
bago, marl, etc., — such stone or mineral deposits are all of 
post-diluvian formation. It is true there are at all times 
timber and sand of various kinds drifting down the rivers 
to the ocean, but such drifting material could not be relied 
on as forming any such deposits, in any length of time, as 
are now found deposited in the coal-fields of Pennsylvania, 
and in every country on the face of the earth. In many 
parts of the earth the deposits are found in a different state 
of transformation. In Ireland peat is taken out of the bogs 
with spades, which when dried burns freely, in consequence 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED, 83 

of its being a vegetable deposit, occasioned by the deluge, 
which we will speak of in future. 

We are told by our geologists that large quantities of 
fossil remains of animals, such as are indigenous to tropical 
climates, and also tropical vegetation, with the fossils, are 
locked up in the north polar regions, thus proving, as they 
say, that the polar regions have shifted, or, in other words, 
that those regions which now are ice-bound were once of a 
tropical temperature. We can see no reason whatever why 
tropical vegetation and the bones of tropical animals may 
not have drifted to the north pole. We know that the 
tides run north and south from the equator, and, if the 
waters covered the earth three miles in depth, the tides 
were also increased in like manner, which would certainly 
have carried deposits of animals and vegetation with them 
in large quantities, from the fact of that depth of water 
continuing for a period of one year. Would not the same 
laws that govern the tides to-day have governed them 
then ? Would not the fossils and vegetation of tropical 
regions be locked at the south pole as well as at the north 
pole even to this day ? And if there had been as warm 
a climate at the poles then as there is at the equator 
to-day, would not those tropical animals have decomposed 
on the surface of the earth, the same as at the equator at 
the present time, without being covered with beds of frozen 
sand as now found in Siberia ? 

The Siberians have sold ivory to the Chinese for hun- 
dreds of years, which they dig out of those frozen sand- 
banks in summer-time. 



84 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

Here, again, we find our modern geologists laboring to 
establish a theory by which to prove that the earth has lost 
its position towards the sun, and that the north polar 
regions were at one time beautifully covered with a growth 
of tropical vegetation, and that their forests and jungles 
teemed with such animals and reptiles as now inhabit the 
tropical region. Is it not astonishing to see how our 
educated men try to misdirect the minds of others, and try 
to prove that this beautiful creation of God, in which he 
established order in all things^ should be at one time thrown 
into disorder, and tr}^ to place his works with those of 
man ? They are also laboring hard to prove the " glacial 
theory," and to point out the fact that large icebergs were 
common visitants throughout the temperate regions during 
what they now choose to term the " Glacial Period," thereby 
trying to prove again that the earth had lost its position 
towards the sun, or that the sun had lost its power on the 
face of the earth. This chaotic condition of natural laws 
seems to serve them a better purpose for establishing 
clouded theories, on which to build or formulate a science 
full of deep meaning (as they suppose), to teach rising 
generations, only to cause complicated theories in our 
education. 

Although the Bible tells us that the ark rested on Mount 
Ararat, and that the earth was again peopled from Asia, 
perhaps it would be interesting to give a more full descrip- 
tion of the place where Noah and his family disembarked 
after a voyage of about one year. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 85 



CHAPTER X. 

Description of Mount Ararat — The Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. 

I WILL here copy an account of Mount Ararat from the 

pen of Sir Robert Ker Porter, who visited it in person in 

1820. 

" A lofty summit on a range of mountains called Ararat, 

in Asia, furnished the resting-place of the ark, which con- 
tained the progenitors of both man and animals who have 
replenished the globe since the era of the deluge. Ararat is 
a chain of mountains running partly round the southern end 
of the Caspian, and is situated between the Caspian and the 
Black Seas, in latitute north about 38°, agreeing with the 
middle of the United States, and is from London a distance 
of about two thousand four hundred miles in a south- 
easterly course, and from the Atlantic coast of the State of 
New York nearly six thousand in an exact easterly direc- 
tion. On leaving our halting-place where we had rested 
for the night, a fuller view of the great plain of Ararat 
gradually expanded before us, and the mountain itself in all 
its majesty began to tower to the very canopy of heaven. 
We now took a descending position due east over a stony 
and difficult road, which carried us for more than eight 
miles, through several close and rocky defiles, till we 



86 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

reached a small Mahometan village on the side of the 
Mosschian Hills, where we again halted for the night. On 
the morning of the 17th we set forth, over a road as bad as 
that of the day before, in a direction southeast, and gradu- 
ally descending from a great height, through a very ex- 
tended sloping country, towards the immense plain of 
Ararat. 

" As the vale opened beneath us in our descent, my whole 
attention became absorbed in the view before me, — a vast 
plain peopled with countless villages, and the subordinate 
range of mountams skirting the base of the awful monument 
of the antediluvian world. I seemed to stand on a stu- 
pendous brink in the history of man, uniting the two races 
of men before and after the flood. But it was not till we 
had arrived on the flat plain that I beheld Ararat in all its 
amplitude of grandeur. From the spot where I stood, it 
appeared as if the hugest mountains of the world had been 
piled upon each other to form this sublime immensity of 
earth, rock, and snow. The icy peaks of its double heads 
rose majestically into the clear and cloudless heavens, from 
which the sun's rays were reflected in an ocean of light 
glaring around its summits. This stage of the view 
united the utmost points of the grandeur of plain and 
inaccessible mountain height. 

" The inhabitants dwelling on the plain around this 
mountain all unite in reverencing it as the haven of the 
great ship which preserved the father of mankind from the 
waters of the deluge." 

" The height of Ararat has never yet been satisfactorily 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 8/ 

measured ; but the best measurements of it were taken by 
Montieth, of the Madras engineers, from the spot where 
Porter viewed it, to the highest point of the loftiest head, 
and it was found to be fifty-five thousand yards, which is 
full five and a half miles perpendicular altitude. At the 
distance of about a half-mile from the highest peak, there 
ascends another horn or point of the mountain, but not as 
high as the former. In order to produce those two peaks, 
the mountain a great distance up is divided. Between 
these two points on the narrow vale, it is believed, the ark 
rested, as it was impossible that it could have rested on 
either of the inaccessible points, which have never been 
trodden by the foot of man, being perpetually covered 
with snow and ice, while the plain around is adorned 
with verdure. 

*' On the eastern side of this mountain the slope is gentle, 
so far up as where it divides into the fingers ; but on the 
other sides it is very steep, jagged, and precipitous, giving 
off branches in a confused and broken manner, stretching 
off northward, after the general range of the mountains 
of Armenia. This peculiar form must have favored the 
descent of the family of Noah into the plains below, 
where he first commenced the cultivation of the vine, and 
of other plants calculated to produce food. 

" From all appearances, this tremendous mountain is the 
product of internal fires, which, it is likely, were in opera- 
tion before the flood, as no traditions of the inhabitants 
speak of its having been a volcano since that time. The 
descending portion of the country which bounds the great 



88 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

plain, being partly round the base of Ararat, favors this 
supposition, as well, also, as the nature of the strata which 
form the mountains, giving evidence, by the vast quantities 
of eruptive matter, that here burnt one of the volcanic 
fires of the antediluvian world. We have been thus par- 
ticular to describe the exact situation, as generally allowed, 
of that range of mountains, because from this place, which 
is nearly on the western end of the Asiatic continent, Noah 
and his posterity descended, and spread themselves over 
many parts of the earth, and, as we suppose, even to 
America, renewing the race of man, which well-nigh had 
become extinct from the devastation and ruin of the 
universal flood." 

I have given a partial account of an island or islands 
having existed in the Atlantic Ocean before the flood, and 
of the Western Continent having been peopled by the 
antediluvians, from Asia, who no doubt crossed by way 
of that isthmus. I will now give a further account, demon- 
strating how our North American Indians no doubt peo- 
pled North America, after the flood, before its discovery 
by Columbus. That island, known as Atlantis, is said to 
have been destroyed twelve hundred years before Christ, 
which was about eleven hundred and forty-four years after 
the flood, which would have afforded ample time for our 
American Indians to have emigrated to this country from 
Asia, where the ark rested. 

Some writers aflirm that the ten lost tribes of Israel 
came by way of that isthmus and settled in America, and 
are the progenitors of our American Indians. Continuing, 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 89 

one writer says, " This journey carried them among the 
Tartars, now so called, but who were anciently the Scythians, 
and probably became amalgamated with them. This was 
the more easily effected on account of the agreement of 
complexion and common origin. If this may be supposed, 
we perceive at once how North American Indians are in 
possession of both Scythian and Jewish practices. Their 
Scythian customs are as follows : Scalping their prisoners 
and torturing them to death. Some of the Indian nations 
also resemble the Tartars in the construction of their canoes, 
implements of war, and in the chase, with the well-known 
habit of marching in Indian file, and their treatment of the 
aged. These are Scythian customs. Their Jewish customs 
are too many to be ennumerated in this work ; for a par- 
ticular account of those customs see Smith's ' View of the 
Hebrews.' " 

Whether this account is correct or not, we will leave it 
with the reader to judge. Certain it is that there is a 
marked resemblance between the two nations. 



8* 



90 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 



CHAPTER XL 

The Formation of Rocks — Description of " Ringing Rocks" in Pennsylvania 
— Prints of Hoofs and Paws of Animals in those Rocks. 

I WILL now introduce the formation of rocks, in the 
order of their crystaUization, from the creation, and will 
state facts which can be easily understood by the careful 
observer, without embarrassing his mind with problematical 
theories. I do not think it as essential in this work to 
describe in detail the different materials which make up the 
different kinds of rocks, as to prove the account of their 
creation and subsequent formation. 

There is one thing certain, which is, that all rocks that 
have no fossil remains in them are primitive rocks, or rocks 
of antediluvian formation. There are many rocks, also, 
which have crystallized since the flood, that contain no 
fossils. But all rocks which contain fossils have crystal- 
lized since the flood, and are the result of detritus deposited 
by the flood. Under this head we find granite, which may 
be classed as gray, blue, and red ; the qualities and proper- 
ties of each are well known to our architects and different 
artificers in stone. Also all quartz rocks of mineral-bearing 
properties, and various qualities of gray sandstone. We 
find many of the United States, among which is Penn- 



{ 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 9 1 

sylvania, richly stored with granite, prominent among 
which is the celebrated quarries at the " Falls of French 
Creek." 

To prove that they are of antediluvian formation, it is 
only necessary to walk over the ground and observe the 
large boulders lying over the surface, which have been 
denuded of the soil and earth which once covered them, by 
the waters of the flood, and which always mark the under- 
lying formation. It is also to be observed that those granite 
boulders are always round on top, which have been worn in 
that manner by the waters of the deluge, while they were 
in a partly crystallized state ; the sun of nearly four thou- 
sand years since that period has been shining on them, 
which now has crystallized them to a much greater solidity. 
It is unnecessary for the reader to travel a great dis- 
tance from home to make that discovery : if he is a 
careful observer he can see it wherever granite boulders 
are found. 

The writer has a distinct recollection of many boulders, 
of granite formation, lying embeded in the soil of a gently 
sloping hillside, of northwestern exposure, which was 
covered with timber, in Chester County, near the once 
noted " Yellow or Chester Springs," about six miles west 
of Phoenixville, on the farm comprising his birthplace. 
Those boulders were at that time looked upon only as " big 
rocks," one of which no doubt would have weighed one 
hundred tons. All of them were worn round on their tops 
by the waters of the deluge. To satisfy every reasonable 
person that no ground could be left for speculation by our 



92 ■ THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

modern geologists, as to their ideas of having been borne 
there by '* glacial action," it is only necessary to say that 
when the " Pickering Valley Railroad" was building, from 
1868 to 1 87 1, those large granite boulders were quarried 
and utilized for abutment walls for railroad bridges, and all 
had flat natural beds' on which they rested, and were only 
the outcroppings, as quarrymen call them, of large deposits 
underneath. 

Continuing along that hill-side one mile westward, we 
come to what was once called " Harris's Hill," once owned 
by Thomas Harris. There the Pennsylvania Railroad got 
^' railroad blocks," some sixty years ago, to build the 
division between Philadelphia and Columbia, to support 
their rails, instead of cross-ties of wood, as used at the 
present day. Those granite blocks were of gray color, and 
of very superior quality. 

But the greatest phenomenon in nature to the student of 
geology, in any part of the United States, is a mountain or 
hill, known as " Ringing Hill," about four miles northeast 
of Pottstown, Pennsylvania, which every person, within 
easy distance of reaching, should see. It has been a picnic 
ground of limited note for many years. We^ together with 
a pleasant little party, spent a day there thirty-eight years 
ago, which aroused our interest in the place and determined 
us to form an exploring expedition in the distant future, to 
give it a more thorough investigation. On the 25th of 
July, 1 89 1, I accordingly called on D. H. Streeper, who 
kindly responded with his team, and then summoned S. R. 
Fisher, landscape photographer, with his large camera and 



THE CREATION AFEIRMED. 93 

other appliances necessary to make a bird's-eye view of 
the same, which is here presented to the readers of this 
work.* 

Perhaps the best description I can give to the reader 
will be an account of our expedition. Having everything 
stowed away in Mr, Streeper's wagon, together with the 
necessary provisions and forage for a day's journey, we set 
out at 7.30 A.M. on our photo-geological surveying ex- 
pedition. After a drive up the Philadelphia and Reading 
pike, through a beautiful country of perhaps fifteen miles 
above Norristown, we sighted the famous " Ringing Hills," 
yet about five miles distant, over a tortuous, winding road. 
The mountain, or hill, is perhaps one thousand feet above 
the Schuylkill at Pottstown. As we ascended the hill, 
on the southeast side, at a height of perhaps one hundred 
feet we discovered large quantities of eruptive matter in the 
form of slag, or trap rock, which undoubtedly has been 
lying there for nearly four thousand years. Having ex- 
amined it thoroughly and satisfied ourselves of its forma- 
tion, we continued our ascent, and finally arrived at " Ring- 
ing Rocks," our point of destination, when we secured our 
team in a shed near by. We then commenced to climb the 
rocks. Although I had once seen them, still my recollec- 
tions of them amounted to nothing. 

We were at this time standing on the wreck of a once 
burning mountain, the convulsions of which shook the 



* Photographic copies can be had from Mr. S. R. Fisher, 72 E. Main Street, 
Norristown, Pennsylvania. 



Q4 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

earth for miles around. Rocks, many of which weigh fifty 
tons each, are piled up in awful grandeur, in the most weird 
manner, looking as though they might be the portals of 
that gaol from whence no traveller returns. Here God has 
definitely set his seal as a " silent monitor of the past," by 
leaving the impress of footprints of animals in the face 
of those rocks, that should forever set at rest the hypotheti- 
cal idea of the earth having been once in a molten condi- 
tion. I thought, as I gazed on those footprints, what satis- 
faction it would afford could prehistoric man be allowed to 
stand beside us and tell us what antediluvian animals left 
their footprints in that plastic granite formation (as it was 
then), what a vast revelation it would be, and what pleasure 
it would afford man to-day to connect the past with the 
present. 

At the time those rocks received their impress they were 
undoubtedly in a plastic condition, but the heat in the 
bowels of the mountain had not as yet had an effect on the 
upper surface of the embryo rock; gradually that condition 
manifested itself, and, when those animals left the impres- 
sions of their hoofs and paws, the rocks dried, leaving them 
in the condition in which we see them to-day. Crystalliza- 
tion gradually took place with those rocks, as it did with 
others for miles around ; a smouldering fire was gradually 
burning underneath, slag was fluxing inside the mountain 
and issuing therefrom for an indefinite period, when that 
element which was sent for the destruction of man inter- 
vened and rose to a sufficient height, and with its pressure 
entered the interior, thus generating gas, which caused an 




ONE OF THE RINGING ROCKS. 

(Showing Shrinkage.) 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 95 

eruption or breaking of the once flat surfaces, and piling 
them up indiscriminately as we now see them. 

We feel satisfied that -the surface was flat before the dis- 
ruption took place, and at that time animals of different 
species roamed over the surface, leaving the impress of 
their hoofs, perfectly marked with sharp lines, such as the 
hoof of a horse would make without a shoe, with the sharp 
horny edge of the hoof, one of which w^ill measure nine 
inches across, which indentations in a number of places 
will hold a half-pint of water each. At some places the 
footprints of human beings are plainly visible, deeply sunk 
in the rocks. At other places many tracks resembling 
those which may have been made by bears are distinctly 
visible, while like impressions are present everywhere 
which bear the appearance as though bears or other 
animals of like character had been playing and disporting 
themselves in their antics. In fact, the whole once level 
surface of the present disrupted formation distinctly shows 
that it was the resort or play-ground of antediluvian 
animals of the bear or like species. The surface being 
warm from subterranean heat, no doubt attracted them 
there during the cool weather. Some rocks are marked 
with abrasions or parallel lines from two and a half to four 
inches in width across their faces, much resembling the 
stripes of our " national emblem," which no doubt were 
made by some prehistoric patriot, prophetic of an era 
when such emblem would be adopted to proudly float over 
his country ; and where could he have left an impression 
of his imaginative brain more fitting than on those rocks ? 



96 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

thus proving that not even that element which was sent 
to destroy mankind, nor that vast disruption, sufficed to 
efface it. 

There is no doubt that those rocks were once level, and 
extended to a solid depth of at least thirty feet, because we 
see to-day underlying rocks as distinctly marked with the 
tracks of animals as those that are above them, which 
could in nowise have been accomplished in their present 
condition ; and the close observer will notice that the 
boulders which now lie on the ground partly embedded 
in the earth around, and adjoining the above formation, 
have been denuded, and have been much more worn 
by the passing waters of the deluge than the disrupted 
" Ringing Rocks" have been, from the fact of the internal 
heat of said mountain drying and causing crystallization to 
take place quicker, so that when the deluge came the 
" Ringing Rocks," so called, were harder, and withstood 
erosion by the passing water more readily than their im- 
mediate neighbors of like formation which had not been 
treated to a baking process prior to the flood. 

Here is a study for the paleologist. Moses says the 
creation of man and animals took place in Asia, or it is 
supposed to have occurred near the Garden of Eden. It 
was sixteen hundred and fifty-six years from the creation 
to the flood. We will allow that it took one thousand 
years for man and animals to have found a home in 
America, by way of the continent which connected the 
Eastern and Western Hemispheres together at that time, 
which no doubt took place the more readily from the fact 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 97 

of there being no great difference in climate. Were they 
in Asia about the thirty-eighth degree of north latitude, 
and had they come in a direct westerly course across the 
isthmus or tract of land connecting the two continents 
together at that time, they would have found a home near 
the centre of the United States, from north to south. 
Granite formation by that time was of such consistency 
that, if animals were to walk over it, it would recede and 
leave an impress or track. Those " Ringing Rocks" re- 
ceived their impressions not less than five thousand years 
ago, the internal heat kept drying them until the deluge 
came, and then the disruption took place, which may be 
explained in this manner. There is a well dug within one 
hundred yards of the place of disruption, which shows the 
presence of sulphur. No doubt a vast quantity of that 
mineral was deposited, along with other minerals of a com- 
bustible nature, under that disrupted formation, which be- 
came heated and ignited through spontaneous combustion. 
That fire burned slowly for many years, drying and warm- 
ing the surface, until the deluge came, the water of which 
arose and entered the mountain and came in contact with 
the fire, which immediately changed it from its liquid to its 
gaseous state, thus in the twinkling of an eye requiring ten 
thousand times the space it had when in its liquid condi- 
tion, and the result was one of the greatest convulsions, or 
rending of rocks, that the world ever witnessed. 

There is a like formation near the " narrows" of the Dela- 
ware River, in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, which I have 
not seen, but, from facts gathered from those who have seen 
E ^ 9 



98 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

it, an eruption took place at that point in like manner as the 
one above described. 

The question may be asked, Why do not other boulders 
around and immediately adjoining " Ringing Rocks" bear 
footprints and animal marks as well as those above spoken 
of? Our answer is, that we believe those adjacent boulders 
were at that time covered with earth, and that the passing 
waters of the flood washed the earth away from them, thus 
denuding them, and, by erosion of the passing waters, wore 
the tops of those boulders round, and assisted to increase 
the height from the present surface of the earth to the top 
of the present disrupted formations, which together with 
the apertures between the rocks now mark a height of 
about fifteen feet above the once level surface. But the 
close observer will notice that the " Ringing Rocks" show less 
change by erosion than the boulders around them, from the 
fact of the disrupted formation called the " Ringing Rocks" 
having been much more solid, by the subterranean heat at 
the time of their disruption, than those immediately around 
them, which were not subjected to that heat ; a fact also 
further proved by the boulders not bearing any depressions 
or marks made by falling on each other : all show clean 
fractures, thus proving that they were solid at the time of 
their disruption. 

Here is one deposit of boulders which we are sure our 
modern geologists cannot claim through the agency of 
" glacial" transportation, from the fact of their extending 
to a depth of not less than thirty feet in the earth, which 
excavation would necessarily have been required to have 



THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. 99 

been specially prepared for their reception. The only 
legitimate claim they can advance is the fact that they 
bear impressions such as bears would make by walking 
over them, which may have been done by north polar 
bears, as "trade-marks" on all rocks thus transported ! The 
reader may rest assured hereafter, whenever he sees a 
boulder not bearing that especial " trade-mark," that it 
is of domestic origin, and that the " glacial period" had 
nothing whatever to do with its transportation. 

Ringing Hill is connected with a chain of hills running 
from northeast to southwest. All of said hills are thickly 
covered with granite boulders piled against each other, 
many of them of many tons' weight. The whole range of 
hills shows that denuded condition incident to the action 
of water. All the granite boulders, together with the 
celebrated " Ringing Rocks," are worn round on their 
upper surface by erosion through the action of the deluge, 
and all of them, so far as we could see, were lying on their 
natural beds. But in no case whatever could the least 
trace of fire be discovered in either of the adjoining hills. 

That slag, or trap rock, which we discovered on ascend- 
ing the hill, fluxed or oozed out of the mountain-sides, is 
to-day in its original condition, the same as it was four 
thousand years ago, portions of which we brought home 
with us. All other formations about the hill-tops on the 
same range of hills are beautifully formed granite. This 
confirms me in the belief that the science of geology as 
taught to-day is at variance with natural effects, because we 
see both beautifully-formed granite in large amounts, and 



lOO THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

slag, or trap rock, in less quantities, lying beside each other 
of the same age. 

The idea of the earth's crust gradually cooling, and while 
yet in a semi-molten condition of animals leaving the im- 
press of their hoofs and paws on its surface, is beyond the 
imagination of the most fertile brain of our modern geolo- 
gists in the present century; certainly it could not have 
been argued with much force that that was the '' glacial 
period." Did all granite boulders to-day present the same 
appearance, the weight of argument might be in favor of an 
igneous condition of the earth. But "' Ringing Rocks" are 
an exception, and we believe that anywhere beyond a cir- 
cuit of two miles around, from the centre of that hill, it 
was cool enough for a comfortable habitation for animal 
life. 

The foregoing geological study should interest every one. 
Geologists tell us that when the earth was first created it 
was in an igneous condition ; during that condition volcanic 
action was prevalent, and it gradually cooled off, marking 
what they term the Azoic period, — meaning a period with- 
out life. The next age they term the Silurian, when the 
lowest order of life was created, such as Mollusks and all 
that have no vertebrcB. 

The next age following they term the Devonian age, 
when reptiles were created ; next mammals, and last of all 
man was created in the image of God. But they tell us 
that long periods of time intervened between each evolu- 
tion. 

They also teach that rocks of primitive formation took 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. lOI 

place during the Azoic period, among which was granite, 
such as from *' Ringing Rocks," and that many ages passed 
before mammals, or four-footed beasts, were created ; if such 
were the case, how, then, do they account for the foot- 
prints of mammals in those rocks? 

Would it not be better to accept the account given by 
Moses, so that we might reconcile ourselves to the belief 
that man and four-footed beasts were created, as well as 
rocks, at the time specified in Genesis ? because the foot- 
prints of man and animals are distinctly visible, which have 
been there not less than five thousand years, and from 
appearances will remain ten thousand years longer, if time 
continues. But the question may be asked, how came the 
footprints of man and animals in those rocks at so early 
a date of the world's creation, as we presume they were 
placed there when the creation took place in Asia ? Our 
answer is, that on an examination of the globe we find that 
the thirty-eighth degree of north latitude passes through 
Asia and the United States, and that the temperature would 
necessarily be about the same ; and if man and animals 
would have emigrated due west by way of that isthmus 
known as the Isle of Atlantis, which once existed, the 
problem is easily solved. 

Mount Ararat in Armenia and " Ringing Rocks" in 
America are the only two mountains which we have 
positive evidence of having been in an igneous condition 
before the flood, both of which the waters of the deluge 
may have extinguished before they broke out as volcanoes. 



102 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 



CHAPTER XII. 

The Glacial Period — Glaciers carrying Boulders — The Johnstown Flood. 

I WILL now direct the attention of the reader to what our 
geologists term the " Glacial Period" of the earth's history. 
On page 29 of Professor Steele's " Fourteen Weeks' Course 
in Geology," he says, — 

*' Philosophers have carefully studied the effects of 
moving masses of ice. They have seen how the glacier 
pushes its way down the Alpine valley, grinding, rounding, 
smoothing, and marking the rocks over which it passes, and 
depositing at the bottom its burden of debris. They have 
watched the glaciers of polar regions collecting on the sea- 
shore, until at last great mountains of ice break loose and 
float southward. They have seen these icebergs grounding 
and melting in a more congenial clime, where they finally 
drop their load of rocky fragments on the sea-bottom." 

" Teachings of the Glaciers. — The geologist, in regions 
now far removed from glacial action, finds the lower ex- 
tremities of mountain glens and valleys heaped with 
mounds of sand and gravel, and the rocky surface marked 
with parallel grooves, such as no known agency except the 
glacier ever produces. Resting on the lower hills and 
scattered over valley and plain beyond, he sees great 



\ 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. IO3 

boulders of a weight far exceeding the transporting power 
of water, miles removed from their parent rocks, and with 
their sides smoothed and marked. He ascribes these results 
to glaciers and icebergs. He assumes that these mountains 
were once covered with snow, these glens once filled with 
glaciers, and that these lower lands were the bottoms of 
seas on which floating icebergs grounded, and, melting, left 
their loads of rocky debris." 

On page 207 of the same work, we find an article 
headed, — 

" GLACIAL EPOCH. 

*' The continent has been steadily growing through the 
ages, until now it has attained its full dimensions. It 
would seem to be ready for man. It abounds in coal, 
timber, water, game, and the domestic animals necessary 
for man's use. We naturally expect his (or man's) creation 
next, and almost unconsciously look about for traces of his 
presence. But God's plan is not yet complete. The next 
period seems one of retrogression, and a superficial view 
would lead one almost to despair of the result. We must 
not, however, be impatient, but wait the slow development 
of nature's laws. 

" The earth, having passed the ordeal by fire and water, 
now enters upon that by ice. The long summer is over. 
For ages a tropical climate has prevailed, and on the bor- 
ders of the Arctic Ocean animals have roamed and plants 
have flourished which now find a home only beneath the 
burning sun of the tropics. Their reign is past. A tedious 
Arctic winter succeeds. During its rigors life disappears, 



I04 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

and half of the continent reverts to its primeval desolation. 
Let us notice some of the traces of this wonderful change 
— this apparent check in the world's progress." 

I will quote from an article on page 208 of the same 
work, entitled, — 

" Boulders. — The stones are of all sizes, from small cob- 
ble-stones up to great rock-masses. In Whittingham, Ver- 
mont, is a boulder whose length is forty feet, and whose 
estimated weight is three thousand four hundred tons. 
Another, in Bradford, weighs over two thousand tons. 
Plymouth Rock is a boulder of syenitic granite, ledges of 
which are to be seen near Boston. The pedestal of the 
statue of Peter the Great was hewn from a block of granite 
weighing fifteen hundred tons, which was found in a neigh- 
boring marsh. Boulders are sometimes so nicely poised 
that they can be rocked by the hand, although an immense 
force would be required to dislodge them. Boulders are 
more or less rounded, as if water-worn, and their structure 
and mineral composition are different from those of the 
rocks on which they rest. 

"They have evidently been transported to the places 
they occupy. The ' parent ledges' from which they were 
derived can generally be found at the north of the locality, 
— sometimes at a distance of a few rods only, at others 
of many miles. Long Island and Martha's Vineyard are 
covered with rocks derived from the main-land. The 
southern part of Rhode Island is strewn with iron ore from 
Iron Hill (Cumberland, Rhode Island). On Hoosac Moun- 
tain is a boulder of five hundred tons' weight, which has 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. IO5 

been carried from a ledge across an intervening valley 
thirteen hundred feet deep, and at the same time elevated 
one thousand feet above its source. Masses of native cop- 
per from Lake Superior are scattered over Wisconsin, 
Michigan, and even Ohio and Indiana. The streets of 
Cincinnati are paved with stones quarried by the hand of 
Nature in the region of the upper lakes (so says Winchell). 
Azoic rocks are found on the western prairies from four 
hundred to six hundred miles distant from their homes. 
Such boulders are significantly termed lost rocks. A bushel 
of pebble-stones gathered in any northern State will often 
represent nearly every geological formation found for 
hundreds of miles north of that locality." 

We will now stop quoting from Professor Steele's work 
for the present, and examine carefully what we have 
quoted. 

On page 29 he merely calls our attention to what he 
intends to say, and describes the views of philosophers on 
the subject, — modern philosophers, I presume. On page 
207, under the head of the " Glacial Epoch," he continues, 
" The continent has been steadily growing through the 
ages, until now it has attained its full dimensions." Will 
the worthy gentleman please tell us what size the continent 
was when it commenced to grow ? That it was a continent 
there can be no doubt, but its size at the time it " com- 
menced to grow" is what we all feel interested in. 

He says, " It would seem to be ready for man." In that 
fact we agree. " It abounds in coal." In that we disagree. 
Coal did not form until after the deluge. Consequently, at 



I06 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

the period of which Mr. Steele speaks, man, if he existed at 
aU, had to use- wood for fueh 

He says, " Domestic animals were already created for 
man's use, and we naturally expect his creation next, and, 
almost unconsciously, look about for traces of his pres- 
ence." That is certainly strange language to advance in 
this Christian age. Moses tells us that on the sixth day 
God created " the beasts of the earth according to their 
kinds, and cattle, and everything that creepeth on the earth, 
after its kind ;" and on the same day God created man in 
his own image ; and that day literally means a day of 
twenty-four hours, because, as Moses says, ''The evening 
and the morning were the sixth day." 

Professor Steele says, " The next period seems one of 
retrogression, and a superficial view would lead one almost 
to despair of the result. The earth, having passed the 
ordeal by fire and water, now enters upon that of ice. The 
long summer is over. For ages a tropical climate has pre- 
vailed, and on the borders of the Arctic Ocean animals 
have roamed and plants have flourished which now find a 
home only beneath the burning sun of the tropics." 

Here, again, is an article so full of intricacies that it 
puzzles the most acute imagination. Professor Steele says, 
" The earth, having passed the ordeal by fire and water, now 
enters upon that of ice." So we can imagine the " Glacial 
Epoch" fairly ushered in, and icebergs carrying huge 
boulders, of thousands of tons' weight, over the face of 
the whole earth, and all moving in a southerly direction. 
But he admits that they all appear to be water-worn, or 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 10/ 

round on their upper surface. In that matter he is cor- 
rect. 

I have examined many boulders in different parts of the 
countr}^, and, with few exceptions, all are of granite and all 
round on top, which distinctly marks the action by the 
water of the deluge passing over their upper surfaces. 
But how about their under surfaces ? If they were carried 
as much as four hundred or six hundred miles (?) to their 
homes on the western prairies, would not the under sur- 
faces have been worn round also ? If, as our geolo- 
gists tell us, our boulders were generally brought to 
us through the agency of icebergs, it is gratifying to 
know that they were generally dropped exactly on the 
soil distinctly marking a deposit of like formation under- 
neath them. Would it not be more easily understood to 
say that the passing waters of the deluge denuded the 
hill-tops of their earth, and at the same time rounded the 
rocks by erosion, and left them lying exposed as we now 
find them ? Such is the case in every instance which I 
have examined. In further proof of this is a deposit of 
soapstone, now known as the soapstone quarries, on the 
boundaries of Philadelphia and Montgomery Counties, cross- 
ing the Schuylkill River below " Lafayette Station," on the 
Philadelphia and Norristown Railroad. There you will 
find immense boulders dropped immediately on top of that 
narrow vein of soapstone, distinctly marking its underlying 
formation. 

Professor Steele says, " On Hoosac Mountain is a boulder 
of five hundred tons' weight, which has been carried from a 



I08 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

ledge across an intervening valley, thirteen hundred feet 
deep, and at the same time elevated one thousand feet 
above its source." This seems wonderful, and is surprising 
to our imagination, but perhaps a close search of the point 
Avhere the boulder is now lying might reveal similar under- 
lying rocks of like formation. It requires a great stretch 
of imagination to comprehend all the wonderful changes 
and transformations which are attributed to the " Glacial 
Period." But there is one essential feature in the " Glacial 
Period" which Professor Steele perhaps may have forgotten, 
that is, that the boulder could not have been carried 
around on dry land, by icebergs, across " an intervening 
valley, thirteen hundred feet deep, and at the same time 
elevated one thousand feet above its source." He does 
not inform us that this portion of the globe had been 
submerged by water during that period ; he only says, 
" The earth, having passed the ordeal by fire and water, 
now enters upon that of ice," and leaves us to conjecture, 
or to assist him in our imaginations, as to the accomplish- 
ment of such a feat. 

I can much better understand this chaotic condition, from a 
letter I have just received from an eye-witness of the destruc- 
tive flood at Johnstown, Pennsylvania, which is as follows : 

'' To J. King : 

** Dear Sir, — Replying to your inquiry of 25th inst., for 
facts incident to the ' great wash' of May 31, 1889, I will 
cite you the following as being absolutely correct, and of 
my own personal knowledge and observation. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. IO9 

" The iron safe of ' Gautier Dept.' of Cambria Iron and 
Steel Co., which stood in a small one-story frame office 
building, was moved a distance of fully a quarter of a mile. 
Its weight, as given by the makers, was five tons, exclusive 
of its contents at the time of the great disaster. It most 
certainly did not float in its building to the place of its 
deposit, for the volume and rush of the waters at that 
locality were such that bodies of any size were torn and 
smashed into smithereens in the twinkling of an eye, and 
the safe must have been tumbled and rolled to its place by 
the waters alone. The buildings (which were all of steel) 
and machinery of the above named steel plant were totally 
annihilated; parts of the same were swept fully a half 
mile. 

" But the most remarkable occurrence at this works was 
the destruction and moving of a huge shear, used for cut- 
ting steel plates (cold), from one-fourth inch thick and up- 
wards. The shear was broken entirely off near the base 
plate ; the latter, with the foundation to which it was 
attached, was pulled bodily out of its bed, tumbled and 
rolled a distance of three hundred yards. . . . Doubtless 
some heavy object was driven against the shear and dis- 
lodged it; the same blow presumably cracked the heavy 
castings, and the water completed the work of removal. 

" A score more of similar occurrences of less magnitude 

at this same locality might be cited. Many merchants' 

safes were removed great distances, and many more -have 

never been recovered. A locomotive tender, with its load 

of coal, — of the type called ' mountain pushers,' used by 

10 



no THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

the p. R. R. on its heavy grades in the ' Alleghanies,' — 
was found a full quarter of a mile from their tracks. 
Loaded cars of lumber and oil-tank cars were scattered all 
over the flooded district. Many car-trucks were found in 
cellars when the owners had commenced the restoration of 
their homes. 

" The statement that locomotives were washed four miles 
is an exaggeration (at least as to distance). About twenty 
locomotives were destroyed at Conemaugh, a coaling sta- 
tion on the P. R. R., two miles east of this place, in the 
direct path of the flood. More than ten of these were 
found in the channel of the river, some at least one hun- 
dred yards from their original location, unquestionably 
moved there by the rush of waters. 

"Very respectfully yours, 

" GoMER Walters, 

" Assistant Postmaster^ 

Here we have the words of an eye-witness in evidence of 
a destructive flood, which can be corroborated by many 
yet living, which brought death to the doors of many 
households, all of which, my informant says, occurred in 
the twinkling of an eye, which within itself seems incom- 
prehensible. But when Moses tells us that it " repented 
God that he had made man," and in his anger he brought 
destruction on him, through a deluge caused by its raining 
forty days and forty nights and by the breaking up of the 
fountains of the great deep, and that the waters rose fifteen 
cubits higher than the mountain-tops, which were not less 



THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. 1 1 1 

than three miles in height, and lasted about twelve months 
before it subsided, we cannot wonder that rocks were in 
many instances borne to a great distance from their na- 
tive place of formation without the aid of the mythical 
" glacier." As a proof of such having been the case, Pro- 
fessor Steele says they are " round, as though water-worn," 
all of them, also, are of antediluvian origin. 

Man's imagination to-day must be raised beyond the 
ordinary sphere to be able to have the least comprehension 
of that vast calamity which befell " all living," except those 
which were safely sealed in the ark. We can only draw 
conclusions from small inundations, such as visited Johns- 
town, Pennsylvania, May 31, 1889. 

We do not wish to be understood as denying '' glacial 
action" entirely. We well know that with every Arctic 
expedition towards the north pole large drifting icebergs 
are encountered, which float southward and deposit their 
freight of debris in the ocean, and that avalanches of snow 
and ice are precipitated from the Alpine heights into the 
fertile plains below, carrying immense boulders with them, 
which may form deep markings on the surface of under- 
lying rocks which they come in contact with. But to try 
to convince people of the present day that such was gener- 
ally the case over the face of the earth is worthy of ridi- 
cule. 



112 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 



CHAPTER XIII. 

Soapstone and Asbestos — Consholiocken Stone — Scale for Measuring Depth 
of the Deluge left in Limestones Rock below Norristown — The Origin 
of Limestone as our Geologists Assert. 

I WILL now Speak more in detail of the soapstone forma- 
tion, which is a vein of perhaps one hundred feet in width, 
crossing the Schuylkill River in a northeast and southwest 
direction about six miles below Norristown. 

On page 55 of Professor Steele's work, he describes 
" soapstone, or steatite {siear, fat), as a massive crystalline 
variety, which is susceptible of being worked into any 
desired form and of receiving a high polish. It can be 
sawed into slabs or turned in a lathe. It is made into ink- 
stands, water-pipes, and fire-stones for furnaces and culi- 
nary vessels." I will also add that soapstone can be used 
as a lubricant, and is much used for wash-tubs, and I think, 
from its general formation, that it is the base from which 
asbestos is formed. That mineral property known as as- 
bestos appears to be of wood fibre, intermixed with soap- 
stone through sedimentary deposit, perhaps by the waters 
of the deluge passing over a deposit of soapstone at the 
time of the flood, before crystalUzation had as firmly taken 
place as at the present day. The detritus, or such portions 



THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. I 1 3 

of the soapstone deposit as the waters would wear off, may 
have been carried until it came in contact with timber, thus 
forming an amalgamation and producing to-day what we 
know in commerce as asbestos. Both soapstone and as- 
bestos are alike refractory towards an igneous condition, 
and neither would have formed special elements in favor of 
the first condition of the earth as advanced by our modern 
geologists. 

We have a light-gray sandstone near Norristown, form- 
ing the interior of Sandy Hill (so called), which is an 
excellent quality of building-stone, easily worked and very 
durable, of antediluvian formation. 

We have a very important formation, rather difficult to 
describe, known as Conshohocken stone, which is exten- 
sively used for foundation walls in large buildings in Phila- 
delphia and elsewhere. In the foundations of the public 
buildings at Broad and Market Streets, the foundations of 
the post-office buildings, Ninth and Market and Chestnut 
Streets, the foundations of the Drexel Building at Fifth and 
Chestnut Streets, and nearly every building of importance 
now being built in the city of Philadelphia, it was used as 
the base of their construction. In fact, the qualities of it 
are so good that architects name it in their specifications in 
preference to all others. It will bear an immense weight 
without crushing, will resist the action of fire much longer 
than granite, and has a cleavage which admits of its being 
easily quarried, and it can be readily split by the quarry- 
men so as to afford a broad base for purposes of construc- 
tion. I consulted architect Collins about its component 
// 10* 



114 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

parts. He said it was " a gray limestone, with an admix- 
ture of soapstone in its composition, with one or two other 
mineral substances." 

It is found in the quarry at an angle of about eighty 
degrees with the horizon, with limestone formation above 
or northwest of it, and is a short distance above the soap- 
stone vein. It is of antediluvian formation, and I can only 
connect the limestone which now composes a part of its 
composition in the following manner. The strata or cleav- 
age being nearly vertical, and heavy bodies of limestone 
being deposited and crystallized immediately west of it, 
prove that the sand or deposit which now forms the lime- 
stone in that locality was swept over it by the flood and 
deposited in it by absorption. The same may be said of 
the boulders lying on the top of the soapstone vein and for 
a depth of perhaps fifty feet from the surface of the soap- 
stone quarry. That portion above named is of inferior 
quality. The purest and best soapstone is quarried at a 
depth of perhaps seventy-five feet from the surface of the 
earth. The inferior or mixed quality can be accounted for 
only by the detritus passing over it and mingling with it 
during the flood, which has since crystalHzed, and where it 
has been an injury to the soapstone, it has been a benefit to 
the. Conshohocken stone. 

There might be much more said regarding the formation 
of rocks and mineral substances of antediluvian formation, but 
we trust there has been sufficient said to guide the reader 
in his judgment hereafter in forming an opinion of such 
portions of the earth's surface as he may wish to examine. 



THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. 1 1 5 

It will be understood that the stone above referred to 
and all rock of antediluvian formation possess that color- 
ing which God gave them in the creation. 

We will now consider the . post-diluvian formation of 
rocks, or such as have crystallized since the flood, and will 
add that you will find no granite boulders covering rocks 
of the post-diluvian period except the waters of the flood 
washed them there. We do not consider the " Glacial 
Epoch" with any favor whatever, in a general way, only 
in such portions of the world as the glaciers are found 
to-day. 

I will now endeavor to give the reader an account of the 
depth of the waters of the flood. 

Perhaps the best place, and the only one known at 
present to exist, for that purpose is immediately on the 
southern limits of Norristown, extending a distance of 
about two miles down the Schuylkill River. There the 
Almighty has left a scale in limestone rocks, by which we 
can ascertain the depth of those waters which swept all 
living from the face of the earth, as accurately, almost, as if 
we had been an eye-witness. Certain it is that the waters 
were not less than those rocks indicate, and we may safely 
add thereto. 

The rocks which I refer to are a stratified formation of 
bastard limestone, intermixed in many places with yellow 
sand, and the interstices between the layers, as they are 
now formed, are filled in with gravel and earth. The for- 
mation is a body of detritus which has been deposited by 
the waters of the flood pouring over " Sandy Hill," as it is 



Il6 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

now called, and lying with the same angle of inclination 
as the southern slope of the hill, on the northeast side of 
the river. 

In order to obtain the best view of the deposit, it is neces- 
sary to be on the southwest side of the river, about two 
miles below Bridgeport, which is immediately opposite Nor- 
ristown. No man can stand there and contemplate the awful 
destruction which befell his fellow-man without shuddering. 

By examining the illustration, you will, find strata, 
shaped in the form of an elongated letter *' S," known to 
architects and mechanics as " ogee," or wave-like curves. 
Such curves could not have been formed in any other 
manner than by the waters of the flood pouring over 
the hill, with the present current of the Schuylkill River, 
and striking some slight obstruction, which diverted them 
from a course which accompanying flows had taken, and 
depositing their detritus as shown. In further proof of that 
fact, the same formation of limestone-rock shows strata 
exactly in an oppposite direction, about five miles below 
Norristown, between Conshohocken and Spring Mills, 
which were caused by the same flow of water pouring over 
" Sandy Hill," and glancing in an oblique direction, the 
same as waters which pour over a dam-breast, as shown 
in the illustration. 

It is argued by scientists that detritus could not have 
been deposited in that manner by the flow of water from 
the west, as above described, in which we agree. At the 
commencement of the flood, as a natural consequence, 
all bodies or properties would have been carried with the 




DEPOSIT AGAINST SOUTH SIDE OF SANDY HILL. 




CONTINUATION OF SAME FORMATION AT AN OPPOSITE ANGLE, FIVE MILES BELOW. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 11/ 

rushing waters at first, as they are carried to-day ; but 
when the waters would have swollen to a half mile or less 
in height, the weight or pressure of the same would have 
caused such deposit to have remained in such manner as 
we now see it. It is well known that the current at the 
bottom of any deep body of water is less than it is towards 
the surface, from the fact of the superincumbent weight of 
the mass of water on the top pressing with a pressure of sixty- 
two pounds per cubic foot on the top of the undercurrent. 

God could in no wise better have placed his seal for 
deciding circumstances and determining facts, than by 
leaving those curved lines in those rocks. 

The greatest depth of the ocean yet discovered I believe 
to be about five and a half miles, and to comprehend a 
depth of two and a half miles, by standing on the south- 
west side of the river and looking across, is impossible, 
although I think the reader would be well paid for a visit 
to the banks of the Schuylkill on some fine summer even- 
ing, and view that natural curiosity from the southwest or 
opposite side of the river. 

From present appearances the surface of the earth was 
much more uneven during the antediluvian period than it 
is now. The waters of the flood denuded the hill-tops, and 
deposited its debris in the valleys. 

On the southwest side of the Schuylkill, immediately 
opposite the formation we have spoken of, is a large 
deposit of limestone, lying in horizontal strata which 
there is no doubt was deposited by the same agency at 
the same time. 



Il8 ' THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

The angle with the horizon of the different stratifica- 
tions has been caused by the contour of the earth's sur- 
face over which the waters run. 

" Sandy Hill" has its southwestern terminus at the 
Schuylkill River at present, and no doubt had before the 
flood. Across the river immediately opposite is a level 
country, which determines the stratification of each bed of 
limestone as it is found. 

Perhaps it will be well, before proceeding further, to give 
the reader an account of the formation of limestone as 
described by our modern geologists, so that he may draw 
his own conclusions. On page 52 of Professor Steele's 
work we find the 

" Origin of Limestone. — Limestone forms a prominent 
constituent of shells, bones, corals, etc. Animals have the 
power of secreting the lime from the water in which they 
live, or from the food they eat. When they die, their 
mineral remains accumulate in great quantities, and gradu- 
ally harden into rock. Chalk was formed by the consolida- 
tion of minute shells, smaller than a grain of sand. As 
each particle is thus cellular and not solid, the chalk has a 
soft, porous structure. The microscope reveals these tiny 
shells in the glazing on a visiting-card. Even when the 
rock contains no trace of fossils, it may have been made 
by the sea breaking and grinding shells and corals into a 
fine powder, just as it grinds rock and pebbles into fine 
sand. We see this process now going on in the formation 
of coral-reefs, as, for example, off the coast of Florida. 
From the vast extent of the limestone rock on the earth. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. II9 

we can form some estimate of the amount of animal life 
which has existed in past ages." 

In the same work, page 58, we find, " Limestone, which 
has been pulverized from shells, corals, etc., by the action 
of the water, and been deposited in sediment at the bottom 
of the sea." 

In the same work, page 115, we find (Changes in the 
Sea, Life, and Rock), " Shales were produced in the muddy 
water, and limestones in the shallow, clearer sea, since the 
coral animal thrives best in pure water less than a hundred 
feet deep." 

In the same work, page 117, we find (Kinds of Rock), 
" This was the first great limestone period of the continent. 
In New York there are four epochs, — (i) the Chazy lime- 
stone, a dark, irregular rock, named from a locality near 
Lake Champlain ; (2) the Bird's-Eye limestone, a dove- 
colored rock containing fine white crystalline points scat- 
tered through it ; (3) the Black River limesto7ie, a black, 
hard-grained marble capable of a high polish, named from 
the river of that name east of Lake Ontario ; (4) the Tren- 
ton proper, a hard, compact rock of a grayish or black 
color, so called from the well-known gorge at Trenton 
Falls. This epoch of the period has been identified in 
Canada and throughout the South and West, but the other 
epochs vary somewhat, and their equivalents are not so 
well established." 

In the same work, page 122, we find — what I want every 
reader to keep fresh in his mind as the most positive proof 
of the deluge, but which catastrophe they ignore, viz., — 



I20 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

" Kinds of Rock. — It consists mainly of soft clay or 
shales, and even the Cincinnati limestone is interlaminated 
with shale or marl. Its color is dark, and it is frequently 
bituminous, so as to afford a black pigment. There are 
thin seams of 'coal, which have many times tantalized those 
ignorant of geology with unfounded hopes of the discovery 
of profitable beds of coal." There never could be better 
evidence afforded of a universal flood, such as Moses re- 
cords, than those my.te witnesses in that formation. 

We find as follows : soft clay, carbonate of Ume, which 
at that time was a body of fine sand, which has since that 
time crystallized into limestone, the same interlaminated or 
mixed with shale or marl. " Its color is dark, and it is 
frequently bituminous, so as to afford a black pigment." 
Does not that prove a deposit of timber which has since 
undergone transformation, or changed into coal, for a pig- 
ment which may be ground into paint and forming a body 
such as plumbago forms for that purpose ? There are also 
seams of coal, etc., intermixed with it, but not in paying 
quantities. Does not that also prove a deposit of timber 
which has changed into coal? 

Could we produce better evidence of a flood, if asked to 
produce it ourselves, than that offered by Professor Steele 
in his '' Fourteen Weeks' Course in Geology" ? If a per- 
son of limited education was asked what brought all of 
that debris together, he could only answer, intelligently, a 
flood, or an immense body of water, at some period of the 
world's history. 

We will next give a description of chalk as we find it in 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 121 

Professor Steele's work on page i88, and then dismiss 
quoting from his work for the present. Chalk is carbonate 
of lime, which geologists say has been formed by insect 
life at the bottom of the sea. We think it is carbonate of 
lime transformed, through insect life, into chalk when in a 
partial state of crystallization, but cannot agree that those 
animalcula were the creators of chalk and limestone, as 
many geologists say they were. The creating, or forming, 
of mineral substances by them is another enigma which is 
hard to solve. 

" Chalk. — If we examine chalk with a powerful micro- 
scope, we shall find that it is composed of the remains of 
numerous zoophytes, of various kinds of minute shells, and 
above all of rhizopods {forameniferd), so tiny that their 
very smallness seems to have rendered them indestructible. 
Eighteen hundred of these, placed in a row, would occupy 
but an inch of space. Schleiden says that the chalk on a 
visiting-card is a microscopic cabinet of a hundred thou- 
sand shells. Throughout the beds of chalk are scattered 
nodules of flint, which, being broken, reveal at the centre 
shells, corals, etc., the nuclei around which the flint col- 
lected out of the chalk before that had consolidated from 
the pasty mass in which it first formed on the sea-bottom." 

There is also a foot-note appended, as follows : " The 
imagination fails to conceive the countless millions of these 
foramenifera in all ages. In nature nothing is small. She 
seems to have delighted in achieving the grandest results 
with the feeblest means. The history of this animalcule 
is a striking illustration of this truth. A handful of sand 

F II 



122 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

taken up on the sea-shore is often half composed of these 
microscopic shells. The Paris chalk contains them so 
abundantly that D'Orbigny found fifty-eight thousand in a 
cubic inch of rock. Paris itself is built up of these cast-off 
abodes of the tiny rhizopod. The species vary in different 
sections and ages. A curious application of this has lately 
come to notice. Ehrenberg was requested to assist in 
tracing the robbery of a case of wine. It had been re- 
packed by the criminal in sand differing from that in the 
original case. Ehrenberg, by a microscopic analysis/ deter- 
mined that the sand was found only on a certain ancient sea- 
coast in Germany. On this fact being discovered, the locality 
of the crime was speedily found and the thief arrested." 

We thus see that that insect-life which transformed lime- 
stone into chalk was the exception and not the rule, 
although at that period of the world's history soon after 
the flood, when the carbonate of lime was yet in a pasty, 
uncrystallized condition, those animalcula seemed to devour 
it, much as the locusts of Egypt or the grasshopper of 
Kansas some years ago devoured vegetation. The only 
difference which I can see is that the one was a mineral 
and the other a vegetable substance on which they lived, 
and the mineral substance crystallized and caught them, 
furnishing a place of sepulture, thereby forming chalk for 
the use of man during the post-diluvian period. But that 
all limestone was formed at the bottom of the sea, through 
animal hfe, during a period of ''the far distant past," is 
entirely mythical, which I will presently prove. I believe 
the age for the formation of chalk has passed. 



THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. I 2 



CHAPTER XIV. 

Port Kennedy Bone Cave. 

One of the largest and most valuable deposits of lime- 
stone on the Schuylkill River is at Port Kennedy, a distance 
of twenty-one and a half miles north of Philadelphia. The 
visitor can here view a solid breast of limestone, now being 
worked, of sixty feet in height, extending to an unknown 
depth. 

On page 1122 of the " History of Montgomery County, 
Pennsylvania," we find a notice of a cave having been found 
in Upper Providence Township, at Port Kennedy, in the 
year 1846, and on the 4th of July, of the same year, the 
Port Kennedy Band held a concert in said cave, at which 
the Hon. George N. Corson, of Norristown, was present, 
which cave was beautifully decorated with stalactites de- 
pending from the vaulted ceiling and stalagmites which 
covered the floor. 

The concert-chamber, or cave, furnished by Nature, was 
as large as the largest room in any building in Norris- 
town at that time, and remained an object of idle curi- 
osity only to an occasional visitor. After the lapse of 
nearly a quarter of a century, a more careful observer 



124 '^^^ MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

noticed that it was of more than ordinary interest, as the 
following will prove. 

I will here tender my regards to my esteemed friend 
Colonel N. M. Ellis, of Phcenixville, for kindly loaning me 
a copy of a scientific report made by Professor E. D. Cope, 
and read before the American Philosophical Society April 
7, 1 87 1, which is as follows: 

" My friend Charles M. Wheatley (now deceased) has 
already given an account of the discovery of a fissure in 
the Potsdam limestone of Montgomery County, Pennsyl- 
vania, containing the remains of numerous animals and 
plants of the Post-Pliocene period (see Amer. Jour. Sci. 
Arts, April, 1 871). Mordecai M. Ellis (son of Colonel N. 
M. Ellis), of Phcenixville, having brought to his notice 
mastodon remains exposed in quarrying limestone near 
Port Kennedy, he visited the spot, and determined the 
existence of the fissure and its contents. 

" In the article in question he describes it as situated 
near the line of junction of the Triassic red sandstone. 
Its depth is nearly fifty feet, and the greatest width thirty ; 
at the summit or surface of the limestone its width is 
twenty feet. It is filled to a depth of forty feet with the 
debris of the neighboring Triassic strata, of a red color; 
below this point is a bed of tough * black clay eighteen 
inches in thickness, filled with leaves, stems, and seed- 
vessels of Post-Tertiary plants. Scattered through" all this 
mass of vegetable remains, and also in a red tough clay 
underneath for six to eight inches in depth, are found the 
fossils noticed in this paper.' 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 12$ 

" Mr. Wheatley furnishes a list of the species we had 
identified up to the time of writing, — viz., twenty-seven 
vertebrata, ten coleoptera, and ten plants. These numbers 
have been considerably increased up to the present time, 
and I look to a much fuller and more complete exposi- 
tion of the Post-Pliocene vertebrate found, in consequence 
of a more thorough examination of the remaining part of 
the fissure, by my friend C. M. Wheatley. 

" As regards the position of the remains, the article 
above quoted proceeds to state that ' the remains of Mylo- 
don, Ursus, and Tapirus have been mostly obtained from 
the tough red clay directly under the plant bed, but the 
remains of rodents, snakes, tortoises, plants, and insects 
are entirely confined to the plant bed. Neither the bones 
nor the teeth are rolled or water-worn, but all are sharp 
and well defined.' 

" The appearance of the specimens corroborates the above 
statements. I would add some exceptions. Thus, two of 
the specimens referred to Arvicola Sigmodus came from 
the red bed and one from the black ; one, Megalonyx 
Wheatleyi, cafne from the black bed, the others from the 
red. Milk-teeth of Mastodon occur in the red bed also. 
General remarks are deferred to the close of the report." 

There is an exhaustive dissertation of twenty-four pages, 
following the above, by Professor Cope, which I omit, 
fearing it will tire the reader. Should he wish a more 
extended notice, he can find a full description in the 
reports of the American Philosophical Society, Volume 
XII.— J. 

II* 



126 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

I will yet add a portion of Professor Cope's general 
summary. 

^^ Felis, Linn. — Two proximal phalanges of a species of 
this or an allied genus were found by Mr. Wheatley. 
They pertained to an animal of the size of the jaguar 
[Felis Oncd). A fragment of a canine tooth indicates a 
cat as large as the tiger, but is too imperfect to allow of 
determination. Some vertebrae of a carnivorous animal, 
perhaps a dog, were also found. 

" The result up to the present time may be summed up 
as follows : 

Edentata (without teeth). Species. Individuals. 

Megalonyx . 5 15 

Mylodon i (?) 2 

Rodentia (gnawing). 

Arvicola 6 15 

Hesperomys i ' i 

Jaculus I I 

Sciurus . . . . • I 2 

Erthicon i i 

Lepus • I 7 

Praotherium I i 

Undetermined 2 2 

Insectivora (feeding on insects). 

Scalops I I 

Chiroptera (?) i 6 

Ungulata. 

Mastodon I 2 

Tapirus 2 4 

Equus ...' 2 3 

Bos I 3 

Undetermined 2 3 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 12 J 

Camivora (flesh-eating). Species. Individuals. 

Ursus I (?)2 

Canis (?) i i 

Felis 2 2 

Mammilia, total 34 74 

" In addition to the above there are as follows : Of 
birds there are fragments of two species, — one a turkey, 
with the spur preserved, probably the M. altiis, Marsh ; the 
other a snipe. The reptiles include one or two species 
of tortoises and three or four serpents. There are a few 
bones apparently of batrachians, or frogs. The whole 
number of species of vertebrata is about forty, represented 
by perhaps ninety individuals." 

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 

"Several authors have noticed the great difference in 
character between the Post-Pliocene fauna [or animals] of 
North America and those which preceded it in Tertiary 
time. It is well known that, while the Miocene mam- 
malia are more or less similar to those of Miocene Europe 
and Asia, and the Pliocene vertebrata have a corresponding 
resemblance to those of the same period of Europe and 
Asia, and the present one of Africa, the Post-Pliocene 
resembles, in many particulars, that of South America or 
the neotropical region. 

" In examining the list of Post- Pliocene mammalia known 
up to 1867, I found that of thirty species eleven were repre- 
sented by members of the same genus or family in the neo- 
tropical region. In an enumeration of the species from 



128 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

the caves in 1869, which included twenty-seven species of 
twenty-three genera, six genera were shown to be of 
neotropical type. 

" In an unpublished list of vertebrata which the writer 
[Professor Cope] exhumed in a bone breccia from a cave in 
East Tennessee, there are twenty species included. Promi- 
nent among these are Megalonyx, Dicotyles^ Tapiriis, Cervus, 
and Sciurus, the first three neotropical. 

" The species from the Port Kennedy bone cave may be 
arranged as follows : 

Species. 

Neotropical forms 11 

Peculiar nearctic (North America) 3 

Genera common to both hemispheres ......... 1 1 

Uncertain 9 

Total 34 

" The theory of evolution requires that change of fauna 
[animals] in any very brief period of geologic time should 
be accomplished by migration. Accordingly, authors have 
suspected that Asia and North America, and perhaps 
Europe, were connected by land during the Miocene period. 
Thus, Leidy (Mammilia of Dakota and Nebraska, 1869, 
p. 360) suspects that North America was peopled from the 
west, from a continent now submerged beneath the Pacific 
Ocean. Professor Huxley (Anniv. Address, Lond. Geolog. 
Society, 1870) makes a similar proposition, but adds that 
there is no evidence as to whether the connection was with 
Europe or Asia. 

" In describing fossil Cobitida, a family of fresh-water 



THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. I 29 

fishes, from Idaho, in 1871 (Proceed. Am. Philo. Soc, p. 
55), I have adduced evidence that the connection was with 
Asia. These Cobitidce, as is well known, have no existing 
representatives in America, and are one of the Asiatic 
types characteristic of our Pliocene period. As fresh-water 
fishes, their migration is restricted to fresh-water communi- 
cation. Now, as the Rocky Mountain ranges were in large 
part elevated prior to Pliocene time, and the watercourses 
had their present directions, it is obvious that the migration 
of fresh-water fishes occupying waters on the west side of 
those ranges must have. been to or from the west, and not 
the east. That these fishes, then, passed through fresh- 
water connections existing on a continent now submerged 
beneath the Pacific Ocean, seems probable. 

*' The destruction of the Pliocene fauna, or animals, is 
generally admitted to have been brought about by the 
rigors of the glacial climate and the extension southward 
of the ice sheet and snow-falls. Near the same time, con- 
nection with Asia must have been severed by the descent 
of the North Pacific continent. Some Pliocene types not 
now existent in North America may have been driven into 
the neotropical region, and may be still represented in 
their descendants, — the lamas, the only existing Camelidce 
of the new world, with the horses and perhaps others of 
the higher mammilla of that region. The existence of the 
extinct Mastodon, Machcerodus, etc., in the Post-Pliocene 
of the same region, mentioned by Huxley as a puzzling 
fact (Address, 1. c), may be accounted for in the same way. 

" Of course, on the northward retreat of the ice sheet. 



130 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

the mammilian fauna would have to be derived from the 
south, for communication direct with Asia no longer existed. 
If Behring's Straits were not yet opened, the masses of 
glacial ice covering those regions would effectually prevent 
immigration by that supposed connection. The resulting 
Post- Pliocene fauna would naturally partake of the mixed 
character which our brief investigations into it have re- 
vealed. The neotropical forms would occupy regions left 
vacant, or peopled by a sparse remnant of boreal genera 
and species. This view I proposed some time ago, and 
Dr. Leidy has added his valuable opinion to the same 
effect. 

" Has any great disturbance of level intervened between 
the occupation of the Post-Pliocene fauna and the present 
period? Professor Dana (Manual of Geology, 1862) sum- 
marizes the results attained up to his writing (p. 553) by 
showing that the period succeeding the glacial drift was 
one of submergence, especially in arctic latitudes. He 
states the depression near Montreal to have been four hun- 
dred and fifty or more feet and one thousand feet in arctic 
regions. Of the Middle States he says nothing, and of the 
South that the evidence is not satisfactory. This descent 
of level he regards as that which caused the melting of the 
glacial ice, stratification of the drift, deposition of gravels, 
and elevation of temperature. All these changes would 
naturally precede the introduction of a post-glacial fauna 
from a warmer region, so that, for this and other reasons, 
the Champlain epoch may be regarded as that opening the 
Post-Pliocene, and its fauna to be represented by the Wal- 



THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. 1 3 I 

rus, which extended its range to Virginia, the Reindeer to 
New Jersey, and the Beluga of the Champlain clays. 

" The origin of the caves which so abound in the hme- 
stones of the Alleghany and Mississippi valley regions is 
a subject of much interest. Their galleries measure many 
thousands of miles, and their number is legion. The writer 
has examined twenty-five, in more or less detail, in Virginia 
and Tennessee, and can add his testimony to the belief that 
they have been formed by currents of running water. 
They generally extend in a direction parallel to the strike 
of the strata, and have their greatest diameter in the direc- 
tion of the dip. Their depth is determined in some meas- 
ure by the softness of the stratum whose removal has given 
them existence, but in thinly-stratified or soft material the 
roofs or large masses of rock fall in, which interrupt the 
passage below. Caves, however, exist where the strata are 
horizontal. Their course is changed by joints or faults, 
into which the excavating waters have found their way. 

*' That these caves were formed prior to the Post-Pliocene 
fauna is evident from the fact that they contain its remains. 
That they were not in existence prior to the drift is prob- 
able, from the fact that they contain no remains of life of 
any earlier period, so far as known, though in only two 
cases, in Virginia and Pennsylvania, have they been ex- 
amined to the bottom. 

" No agency is at hand to account for their excavation, 
comparable in potency and efficiency to the floods supposed 
to have marked the close of the glacial period, and which 
Professor Dana ascribes to the Champlain epoch. An ex- 



132 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

traordinary number of rapidly-flowing waters must have 
operated over a great part of the Southern States, some of 
them at an elevation of fifteen hundred feet and over (per- 
haps two thousand) above the present level of the sea. A 
cave in the Gap Mountains on the Kanawha River, which I 
explored for three miles, has at least that elevation. That 
a territory experiencing such conditions was suitable for 
the occupation of such a fauna as the deposits contained in 
these caves reveal is not probable. The material in which 
the bones occur in the South is an impure limestone, being 
mixed with and colored by the red soil which covers the 
surface of the ground. It is rather soft, but hardens on 
exposure to the air. 

" The question, then, remains so far unanswered as to 
whether a submergence occurred subsequent to the develop- 
ment of the Post-Pliocene mammalian fauna. That some 
important change took place is rendered probable by the 
fact that nearly all the neotropical types of the animals 
have been banished from our territory, and the greater part 
of the species of all types have become extinct. Two facts 
have come under my observation which indicate a subse- 
quent submergence. 

*' A series of caves or portions of a single cave once 
existing on the southeast side of a range of low hills 
among the Alleghany Mountains in Wythe County, Vir- 
ginia, was found to have been removed by denudation, frag- 
ments of the bottom deposit only remaining in fissures and 
concavities, separated by various intervals from each other. 
These fragments yielded the remains of twenty species of 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 33 

Post- Pliocene mammalia. This denudation can be ascribed 
to local causes, following a subsidence of uncertain extent. 
In a cave examined in Tennessee the ossiferous deposit was 
in part attached to the roof of the chamber. Identical 
fossils were taken from the floor. This might, however, 
be accounted for on local grounds. 

" The islands of the eastern part of the West Indies 
appear to have been separated by submergence of larger 
areas at the close of the period during which they were 
inhabited by Post-Pliocene mammalia and shells. The 
caves of Anguilla include remains of twelve vertebrates, of 
which seven are mammalia of extinct species, and several 
of them are of large size. These are associated with the 
recent species of mollusks Turbo pica and a Tudora near 
pzipceformis. As these large animals no doubt required a 
more extended territory for their support than that repre- 
sented by the small island Anguilla, there is every prob- 
ability that the separation of these islands took place at a 
late period of time, and probably subsequent to the spread 
of the Post-Pliocene fauna over North America." 

The foregoing chapter is an extract from a report, made 
by Professor E. D. Cope, of fossils found in a cave in a 
body of limestone at Port Kennedy, Pennsylvania. He 
does not admit a deluge such as Moses speaks of, but hints 
that water had much to do with it. 



12 



134 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 



CHAPTER XV. 

Speculative Opinions regarding the Deposit of Fossils in the Port Kennedy 
Cave — A Live Toad found in the Marble in Henderson's Quarry — Fossils 
found in Digging a Well Fovir Hundred and Fifty Miles west of Omaha. 

Great credit is due the late Charles M. Wheatley and 
Professor E. D. Cope for the interest they have shown in 
classifying, and thus preserving a record of, those ante- 
diluvian or Pliocenic fauna (as they term them). Had they 
been given but a passing notice as fossils found in a cave at 
Port Kennedy, and not had any distinguishing character- 
istics connected with them, the world would have been 
made but little wiser by the find; but, when we are told 
that there were thirty-four distinct species, and seventy-four 
animals, two of which were mastodons, a species of the 
largest animal on earth, we are void of language to express 
our consternation. Many theories are advanced as to how 
so many different species of animals got there. If you ask 
the average amateur scientist, his answer is, " They were 
thrown up by an upheaval." But where were those animals 
prior to that upheaval ? Certainly not within the interior 
of the earth. That is a question really harder to answer 
than the first. If those animals had been of one species, 
we might have supposed they were together browsing on 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 35 

the river-bank when their destruction took place, but, being 
dissimilar, their aggregation seems the more difficult. 

" The destruction of the Pliocene fauna is generally ad- 
mitted to have been brought about by the rigors of the 
glacial climate, and the extension southward of the ice 
sheet and snow-falls." Here, too, Professor Cope fails to 
advance anything whatever to account for the bodies of 
those seventy-four animals hermetically sealed beneath that 
debris in the " Port Kennedy bone cave." 

How those animals got on the American continent from 
Asia, their place of origin, is easily accounted for by the 
fact of the island of Atlantis having existed up to within 
twelve hundred years of the advent of Christ. That island, 
or a number of them, connected the eastern and western 
continents together, which made an easy passage for those 
animals from Asia. And Professor Cope more than hints 
at the fact that " connection with Asia must have been 
severed by the descent of the North Pacific continent." 
His, however, is only supposition, formed to suit existing 
circumstances. Of the existence of the island of Atlantis, 
Solon, Plato, Euclid, and Anacharsis bear testimony to the 
fact. 

After having arrived at a conclusion as to how they 
might have got from Asia to the American continent, we 
are still without information regarding their sepulture in 
those limestone rocks. 

Professor Cope further remarks, " That these caves were 
formed prior to the Post-Pliocene fauna is evident from 
the fact that they contain its remains." These remarks 



136 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

would lead us to believe that those caves were formed in 
the limestone, and that those animals, in some manner 
hard to account for, crawled into them and died there. 
That is the most unlikely view that can be taken, of any 
yet advanced. Among the collection of fossils were the 
remains of two mastodons, which of themselves would have 
filled the cave if they had walked in. Accounts are given 
of mastodons having been sixty feet long, twenty-five feet 
high, and eleven feet across over their hinder parts, teeth 
having been dug up weighing seventeen pounds each ; 
besides which, their tusks are each fourteen feet in length. 
Only two animals of that size could have been stabled at 
one time in the Port Kennedy bone cave, and there are yet 
seventy animals to be provided for in that aggregation. 

I have thus far reasoned from facts set forth in Professor 
Cope's report, which was read before the American Philo- 
sophical Society, April 7, 1871 ; and, interesting as it is as 
a matter of investigation, I fail to see a satisfactory solu- 
tion of the phenomena. I will now advance a theory 
which I think will meet the case. 

We will draw an imaginary picture of the earth's sur- 
face where the cave was located, as it appeared before the 
flood. The antediluvian surface, or present strata, under- 
lying the vast limestone deposit is of red shale or clay of 
similar color, which now marks the formation on the oppo- 
site side of the Schuylkill River. The small stream or 
rivulet known as Spring Run, which rises above or south- 
west of the river, flows down through the village of Port 
Kennedy, and empties into the river at that point, was 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED, 



137 



there before the flood. The waters of the deluge flowed 
at first along their natural courses. 




BONE CAVE AT PORT KENNEDY, PA. 



Those animals were roaming over the earth, no doubt 
in the vicinity of the beautiful Schuylkill, when God sent 

12* 



138 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

his messenger of destruction upon them. They were terri- 
fied through instinct, and no doubt awaited their destruc- 
tion, and grouped together, as animals now do in a snow- 
storm on our western prairies. The red mud must have 
covered them by the flow of the small stream above de- 
scribed; and possibly there was an obstruction or bayou 
in the stream which their bodies lodged against; if such 
was not the case they would have been swept into the 
river and carried to the ocean. Immediately following 
came the sand, or carbonate of lime, so called, which cov- 
ered them up with vegetation of that period, consisting 
of plants and leaves all promiscuously embedded, which 
formed the mass to support the sand or carbonate of lime, 
which has since crystallized and become limestone of com- 
mercial value, for which it is sought, and while quarrying 
it out those fossils were discovered. 

Large deposits of limestone of like character are found 
for many miles along the banks of the Schuylkill and the 
adjacent valleys, both northeast and southwest of the river. 
No doubt the flow of that same river carried vast quanti- 
ties of carbonate of lime to the ocean at the same time, 
thus forming the bed of the ocean in many places of lime- 
stone. 

Our modern geologists assert that all limestone, no matter 
where found, indicates that the ocean bed once rested on 
that spot, and that all limestone is formed by insects at 
the bottom of the sea ; from the fact, as they say, that cer- 
tain small insects possess the power of secreting the lime 
from the water in which they live or from the food they 



THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. I 39 

eat. They further say that all chalk is the product of a 
small insect at the bottom of the ocean, which is limestone 
eaten by that animalcula or insect. We claim that no 
insect whatever can create or produce anything. If they 
have the power to secrete the lime from the water, they 
cannot do it without the lime first being present. And if 
they can produce chalk from limestone, by rodentia, or 
gnawing, it is simply an act of transformation, and in no 
wise is it the act of production. 

The fact of so many animals having been found in one 
spot, at Port Kennedy, goes far to prove that all were 
terrified, through instinct, at the approaching storm, and 
awaited their destruction through fear. If they had not 
had the sense of fear, we probably would have found the 
fossilized bones of each in separate localities. All geolo- 
gists speak of fossil-bearing rock, but maintain that the 
process of its formation was gradual, and they further 
maintain that such rock always was formed by a small 
insect at the bottom of the sea, and is so forming at the 
present time. If this is the case, how could such a vast 
collection of animals, many of which were of the largest 
size, have met their destruction at one spot, and that so 
small that it required the act of compression to accommo- 
date them? Limestone is a fossil-bearing rock, and such 
fossils were deposited by the waters of the flood. 

My friend and neighbor, the late Oram Jacobs, of Norris- 
town, has frequently told me that, when he worked at his 
trade of stone-cutting, in Kentucky, with others, they often 
found deposited the remains of nuts of different varieties. 



140 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

such as walnuts, shell-barks, hickory-nuts, etc., in a quality 
of bastard limestone, thus proving that they had been 
washed there together with other detritus and crystallized 
into stone. 

In summing up his report of the Port Kennedy bone 
cave, Professor Cope says, " The material in which the 
bones occur in the south is an impure limestone, being 
mixed with and colored by the red soil which covers the 
surface of the ground. It is rather soft, but hardens on 
exposure to the air." Here is undoubted evidence to prove 
just such a flood as Moses describes. Those bones which 
Professor Cope speaks of, whether human remains or those 
of animals, must have been sealed from the atmosphere at 
once, or they would not have been found to-day. Had 
human beings or animals been destroyed and their bodies 
left for a slow interment by nature, those remains would 
have decomposed and no evidence would have been left of 
them at all. 

Limestone, like coal, is found in nearly every country on 
the globe, and when in its pure condition it crystallizes into 
marble. " The finest statuary marble comes from Carrara 
and the island of Paros, whence the term ' Parian marble,' 
so famous among the Greek sculptors. The pure whiteness 
of Parian marble was thought to be especially pleasing to 
the gods ; hence it was selected for the work of Praxiteles 
and other celebrated artists." Marble is colored in all 
shades and variegated in pleasing designs, to suit the taste 
of the most fastidious. A beautiful variety is obtained 
from Rutland, Vermont, beautiful specimens of which can 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 141 

be seen in the Drexel Building, Philadelphia, in the corri- 
dor, entered from Chestnut Street. Verde antique is a 
variety of marble streaked with serpentine, which shading 
has been accomplished by vegetation having been washed 
with the properties now composing the marble, in which it 
was embedded, the juice or chlorophyl of the grass color- 
ing it, in its natural or green color, in streaks. 

Where the property known as carbonate of lime existed 
anterior to the flood is beyond conjecture. It may have 
existed in the interior of the earth, and, when the " foun- 
tains of the great deep were broken up," it may have been 
thrown to the surface. One thing is certain, it is found in 
nearly every country, and deposited in valleys, on what was 
the earth's surface previous to the flood. I have no knowl- 
edge of its ever cropping out of the mountain-tops, as 
having been of antediluvian formation. It is of greater 
specific gravity than earth, weighing one hundred and fifty- 
seven pounds per cubic foot, while clay weighs but one 
hundred and twenty pounds, which is the reason why lime- 
stone or any other rock formation has a body of earth on 
top, which, as quarrymen say, must first be " stripped" off. 
The mineral properties have percolated through the lighter 
earth, by rain, and solidified in a solid mass beneath the 
earth's covering. The waters of the flood in overflowing 
the earth deposited all limestone substance in the valleys, 
on the surface of the earth as it then existed, and carried 
vast quantities of the embryotic limestone at the same time 
into the ocean, which formed that much-talked-of limestone 
bed which our geologists speak of. 



142 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

I will add one important fact to my amount of testimony 
already given, which is from the evidence of persons yet 
living, of an anhnated fossil having been found in a marble 
quarry in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. If our 
geologists will please explain the presence and previous 
imprisonment of that species known as the genus Batra- 
chia, and will give us a satisfactory solution according to 
their theory, we will be pleased to hear it. 

My informant says, when he was a boy, living at home 
with his father, in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery 
County, that his father, Jacob Fisher, worked at tool- 
dressing for the quarrymen, who worked in what was 
then known, and is yet, by the name of " Henderson's 
quarry," the owner of which was Davis Henderson, and 
the foreman's name was Alexander Mullen ; that they 
quarried and raised to the surface, from a depth of forty 
feet, a large block which was intended for one of the sec- 
tions of one of the columns of Girard College, then in pro- 
cess of erection in the city of Philadelphia. On making a 
close examination as to its fitness for the purpose for which 
it was intended, a seam was noticed in one of its sides. 
Deeming it unfit, the foreman proposed that they should 
split it up into smaller portions. On opening the block 
at the seam already noticed, out rolled a toad, — yes ! a 
genuine toad, — which, being left in the sun, soon showed 
signs of life, which may be said to have been a reinforce- 
ment to those which Noah had in his ark. 

Here is a matter of more than ordinary interest, — a rep- 
tile encased in crystallized limestone, at a depth of forty 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. ' 1 43 

feet from the earth's surface, occupying a space only the 
same as a pattern would occupy in the sand in a moulder's 
flask, with no air-duct whatever to the earth's surface. Will 
our geologists say that that reptile was imprisoned in that 
solid limestone while the limestone was in its solid state, from 
the earliest period of its formation, which was the Pliocene 
period? There certainly was no opening, because that 
quarry was celebrated for its solid, compact quality of 
stone. 

It is known to all naturalists that reptiles, such as snakes, 
toads, frogs, tortoises, etc., hibernate in winter time and 
remain in a torpid condition. Should that toad have been 
overtaken by the deluge while in that condition and encased 
in the sand at a low temperature, why would it not have 
remained in that state until it experienced a rise in tem- 
perature ? We know that the temperature of the earth at 
that depth is about 43°, and it would have required at 
least 60° to have revived it. Then a winter of four thou- 
sand years to it would only have been equal to six months 
in its natural condition, because we see it was not a matter 
of time, but entirely a matter of temperature. We see 
vegetation varying, in putting forth in spring with the 
temperature ; then why not the hibernating of those reptiles 
the same ? 

For the benefit of our readers we will at once disrobe 
the science of geology of some of its phraseologies and 
technicalities, and, instead of naming the Cretaceous Period, 
or the period of reptiles, or the Cenozoic Time, which they 
say was the age of mammals, or those which suckle their 



144 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

young, which they say was before the Age of Man, we 
will at once indorse and sustain the Mosaic account as 
given in Genesis, and will prove that man also existed at 
the above period, when those animals were entombed in 
the " Port Kennedy cave," or mammalian cemetery. 

We must not think, because the fossils of animals and 
reptiles have been found more frequently in limestone and 
marl formations than elsewhere, that they are not also 
buried underneath earth deposits of the same period as 
well. It must be remembered that limestone, marble, and 
marl are commodities of merchandise, and as such are 
removed from the place where they had been deposited 
by the flood, while the earth remains in a manner undis- 
turbed. But we will now prove that the same inundation 
destroyed men and animals alike at the same time, and 
buried them beneath the earth so deep that they will be 
unknown until the morning of the resurrection. But we 
will add that animals largely predominated on this conti- 
nent in proportion to man. I could add much more in 
proof of the deluge from fossils found in limestone, but 
think it unnecessary, as the amount already stated should 
convince even the most sceptical on that point. We will 
now examine the earth where there is no rock, for evidence 
of man's existence before the deluge. 

I will here insert an extract from the Independent Phoenix 
of October 24, 1868. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 45 



"a puzzle for geologists. 



"A very interesting and, in one aspect, a profoundly 
important discovery has been lately made at Antelope, a 
station four hundred and fifty miles west of Omaha. 

*' In digging a well for the railroad company, there was 
reached, at the depth of sixty-eight feet, a layer of human 
bones, — undoubtedly human, from the fact that there were 
a skull and jaw, as well as other bones from the extremi- 
ties and the trunk. The excavators assert that in the 
process of digging they have found layers of bones in 
which the remains of elephants and tigers were unearthed, 
it being known to everybody that these animals are extinct 
species on this continent. It remains for the savans to 
determine whether these human bones were covered so 
deeply by a cataclysm, or were deposited there in pre- 
historic times, to confirm or correct current scientific 
opinion, both as to the origin of the human race and the 
time of its existence on this planet." 

Here we have additional evidence of man having existed 
contemporary with animals of the antediluvian type ; we 
think, however, that, if the earth, or at least this continent, 
could be denuded of the debris which the deluge deposited, 
and the carcasses left bare, there would be such an exhibit 
of skeletons as would appall the heart of an Amazon. We 
doubt not that there were large bones found which be- 
longed to the anatomy of antediluvian animals, but we 
doubt whether there were any belonging to the elephant 
or the tiger; those animals are indigenous to the tropical 
G k 13 



146 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

climate only. In the " Port Kennedy Bone Cave" we can- 
not too much admire the labors of C. M. Wheatley and 
Professor E. D. Cope in classifying, the remains of what 
they discovered. Mastodon remains might easily be mis- 
taken for those of the elephant by those unacquainted with 
the science of palaeontology ; but I have given the extract 
as I have received it, and from the depth of the interment 
it adds additional proof of the deluge. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 47 



CHAPTER XV I. 

Glacial Strise — Corrugations in the Vertical Rocks along the Hughes River in 
West Virginia — Of Clean and Unclean Beasts — Animals Locked in the 
Polar Regions from the Equator — Rock found in Flat Rock Tunnel — Strata 
of Deposit in Bridgeport, Pa. 

I WILL yet insert the following from Professor Steele's 
work, page 210, relating to ''Glacial Stricel' 

" A careful examination of many of these boulders shows 
us that they are covered with parallel grooves [strice). 
These have obviously been caused by the scraping of the 
boulders on the solid rock, as if the drift material had 
been carried forward by an irresistible force, since the ' bed 
rock' (the rock in place) in the regions covered by the 
drift is polished and grooved in a similar manner. These 
striae consist of long^ straight, parallel lines, — furrows a 
foot broad and several inches deep, or scratched fine as a 
pin would make. The surfaces of hard rocks, as quartz, 
are often polished smooth as glass, while the marking only 
can be seen with the microscope. The general course is 
that in which the boulders have been carried, — i.e., from 
north to south, varying generally not more than 20° east 
or west. There are frequently two or more sets of striae, 
differing a little in direction. On the Platte River there 



148 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

is a ledge of limestone so regularly planed that, without 
further working, it can be used for caps and sills in houses. 
At Marquette, on Lake Superior, there are surfaces as uni- 
form as if worked to a level and afterwards rubbed with 
sand-paper." 

Let us examine carefully what we have written. There 
never was an effect produced without a cause to produce it. 
Professor Steele says they are boulders. If so, we presume 
they are granite and of antediluvian formation. He does 
not say whether they have been carried up mountain-sides. 
But from a wood-cut. Fig. loi, page 209, of the same article, 
showing a " View near Gloucester, Mass.," he represents 
them on level ground. Might not those boulders have 
been carried or moved from their " parent ledges" (as he 
describes them) by the waters of the flood, and marks and 
scratches be found in them yet to-day as distinctly as 
though they had been carried there at a more remote 
period by glaciers ? The markings on them no doubt 
would be found the same to-day, and perhaps more plainly 
because while they were being heaved around by the flood 
they were only in a partially crystallized condition. 

The professor says, " These striae consist of long, 
straight, parallel lines, — furrows a foot broad and several 
inches deep, or scratches fine as a pin would make." He 
also says, " At Stony Point, Lake Erie, the limestone lies 
exposed above the level of the water. The bed is planed 
down smooth as a floor, and at one place the parallel 
grooves strikingly resemble the deep ruts produced by a 
loaded wagon." 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 49 

Here we find a limestone formation which has crystallized 
since the flood, which lies exposed above the level of the 
water The bed is planed down smooth as a floor, and at 
one place the parallel grooves strikingly resemble the deep 
ruts produced by a loaded wagon. Can we not account for 
that "planing down," or wearing away, by the water rising 
at times and passing over the top, and when the rock was 
in a partially crystallized condition wearing or smoothing 
it off, in place of the mythical glacier ? We all know that 
limestone is rapidly taken up by water, and that it combines 
with it, and when carried away by water it is deposited at 
other places in the form of stalactites, such as are found in 
the Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky. 

In a foot-note to the same article, by Hitchcock, Professor 
Steele says that these striae will ascend hills and mountains, 
even thousands of feet high. He says, " Mt. Monadnock, 
of New Hampshire, is an illustration of these statements. 
It is a naked mass of mica schist three thousand two hun- 
dred and fifty feet high/' and " from top to bottom it has 
been scarified on its northern and western sides, indicated 
by striae, or furrows, running up the mountain-sides," also 
" deep furrows and other phenomena" on the top of said 
mountain. Here is an observation which would have 
brought Cicero to his feet in the Roman Senate. The idea 
of a glacier rising and ascending over a mountain three 
thousand two hundred and fifty feet high, and furrowing or 
scratching the side of that mountain, during its journey, 
is really hard to comprehend. I know but little of the 
science of navigation, but I do know that, if a vessel draws 



150 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

but twenty feet of water when loaded, it will remain at that 
draught. No matter what depth the water may be under- 
neath it, the draught is governed entirely by the amount of 
water it displaces. We have never been permitted to see 
a glacier, but we think it would be governed by the same 
laws that govern a vessel, and would not sink in hollows 
and rise on hills and mountains, to be scratching the sur- 
face of the earth in its wake. 

There are many things in this world which at times seem 
hard to account for. The mountain is represented as a 
naked mass of mica schist, which means " isinglass," 
mixed with a friable substance, which is not solid like 
granite. Our solution to that phenomenon is this : the 
mountain is marked on its north and west sides, where the 
force of the wind is most felt, and from an observation of 
my own — in company with Lewis Horning, of Philadelphia, 
and J. Bessey, of West Virginia (who was our guide), on 
an expedition up the " Hughes River" along the Staunton 
pike from Parkesburg in 1865 — I form my conclusion. 
After we had rode probably thirty miles up the Staunton 
pike beside the Hughes River, we came to a wall of rocks 
skirting the river on the opposite side. At that point the 
rocks are entirely bare, and about as near at an angle of 
ninety degrees as a mason could build the walls of a house. 
The rocks appear to be of a quality known as, or much re- 
sembling, the Ohio clough stone, which is evidently of post- 
diluvian formation. Suddenly we came to a halt. " There," 
says Mr. Bessey, " do you see that ?" " Yes, sir," was our 
answer. The object alluded to consisted of large corruga- 



THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. 1 5 I 

tions in the solid rocks on their vertical faces. We asked 
what caused it ; the answer was, the wind did it. We rode 
our horses across the river, which was a small stream ; and 
we could see the rocks hollowed out as nicely as though a 
stone-cutter had done it, and so deep were the markings 
that pockets had been worn in them, where loose sand 
could lie, and with every blast of wind it polished the rock 
out as nicely as sand-paper would have done it. The 
cavities were many of them at least six inches deep and of 
concave surface. 

Where the wind has a sweep, it plays some curious, 
unaccounted-for pranks. Might not Mt. Monadnock have 
shared the same fate ? 

In concluding my zealous researches in support of evi- 
dence offered to prove the destruction of all living by the 
deluge, as described by Moses, I offer the following to the 
reader for his consideration. 

We learn from the Douay Bible, Genesis, Chapter VII., 
commencing with verse i : " And the Lord said to him, 
Go in, thou and all thy house, into the ark ; for thee I 
have seen just before me in this generation. 

*' Of all clean beasts take seven and seven, the male and 
the female. But of the beasts that are unclean two and 
two, the male and the female. Of the fowls also of the 
air seven and seven, the male and the female ; that seed 
may be saved upon the face of the whole earth. 

", For yet awhile and after seven days, I will rain upon the 
earth forty days and forty nights ; and I will destroy every 
substance that I have made upon the face of the, earth." 



152 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

It would appear from the foregoing that God did not 
so much intend to preserve the unclean beasts as those 
that were clean, because for those that were clean he pro- 
vided sevenfold what he did for those that were unclean, 
and, at the period of their disembarkation from the ark, 
should they not have found food suitable for their suste- 
nance, death would have been the result, which would 
have ended their career on earth, leaving no traces what- 
ever of their previous existence except fossil remains. 

Verse 21: " And all flesh was destroyed that moved 
upon the earth, both of fowl and cattle, and of beasts, and 
of all creeping things that creep upon the earth ; and all 
men." 

Verse 22 : " And all things wherein there is the breath 
of life on the earth died." 

Verse 23 : " And he destroyed all the substance that 
was upon the earth, from man even to beast, and the 
creeping things and fowls of the air; and they were de- 
stroyed from the earth. And Noe only remained, and they 
that were with him in the ark." 

The language in the Protestant Bible which I have before 
me is somewhat different, but the meaning is the same. 

We see by the foregoing that God gave a preference to 
clean beasts, by providing sevenfold, so that if some should 
die of hunger, as, without doubt, they did, others perhaps 
would survive, leaving " seed upon the earth." The unclean 
beasts, no doubt, were taken into the ark when young, 
so that their ferocity had not yet fully developed itself 

And where could we look for their remains to be pre- 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 53 

served better than in rock formations, coal-beds, and marl- 
pits, especially, which were formed by the flood, even to 
the polar regions. In north latitude sixty and seventy 
degrees great masses of the bones of the elephant and 
rhinoceros — animals of the hot regions of the equator — 
have been washed there by the tides from the equator 
during the flood, and their remains are now locked fast 
in Borea's embrace. 

The inference drawn by our geologists that the north 
polar regions once teemed with tropical vegetation and 
abounded with animals indigenous to a like climate, be- 
cause remains of a like character are found there at present, 
needs stronger evidence in its support. If such had been 
the case, would not a gradual climatic change have taken 
place? Would not the remains of tropical animals have 
decomposed under the rays of a tropical sun ? And as 
that climatic change took place, would not such animals 
have sought a more congenial clime, and their carcasses 
have decomposed on the surface of the earth, in like man- 
ner as such decompositions take place at the present day 
where interment is neglected ? No uneducated theorist 
will maintain that a huge animal, of whatever, species he 
may be, will die and be subjected to the elements and 
become the prey of carnivorous animals, and his remains 
will be found thousands of years afterwards hermetically 
sealed and in a good state of preservation. 

There is evidence, in all parts of the world, of the deluge 
having caused great changes in the surface of the earth, 
through rock formation ; and if we are able — 



154 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

To read the rocks aright, 

With infinite wisdom scan, 
Those " silent monitors of the past" 
■ ■ Proclaim the doom of man. 

Geologists teach that granite rocks were among the first 
formations which took place during the Azoic period. I 
have not been favored with an extensive observation. My 
labors have been confined chiefly to the counties of Chester 
and Montgomery and a portion of Bucks, along a forma- 
tion running northeast and southwest, through the town- 
ships of West Vincent, North and South Coventry, of 
Chester County, and Pottsgrove Township, of Montgomery 
County, Pennsylvania, along a well-defined outcropping of 
granite boulders, each of many tons' weight, as they now 
appear on the surface, embracing within their limits many 
miles of territory, in which are the celebrated quarry at 
the Falls of French Creek, all worn round on their upper 
surfaces by the waters of the deluge when they were in 
a partly crystallized state, and definitely marking heavy 
underlying strata, where millions of tons of excellent granite 
may be quarried. 

There are a number of streams of water rising in the 
hills in said formation, which are tributary to the Schuyl- 
kill River, and, strange as it may seem, so much of those 
granite boulders as have been carried away by the water 
by erosion, amounting to many millions of tons of granite 
sand, now lie solidly crystallized in that formation known 
as " Flat Rock," at the Falls of Schuylkill, in the river- 
bed and hill-sides near Manayunk, Pennsylvania, having 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 55 

been carried a distance of nearly forty miles with the cur- 
rent of the several streams. I made that discovery a few 
days ago during my perambulations through Bridgeport, 
on the west side of the Schuylkill, opposite Norristown. 
My attention was attracted to a mass of rock of which 
the opposite illustration, from a photograph, is a correct 
copy. At first sight I was much astonished, knowing that 
it was not of the formation on which it rested. Not being 
an enthusiast respecting the " glacial theory," I could not 
understand how such a huge mass of rock could have 
been borne to that locality. On investigation I found it 
had been taken out of " Flat Rock" tunnel near Manayunk, 
and had been transported a distance of eight miles from 
its " parent ledge" by the employees of the Philadelphia 
and Reading Railroad. 

It is a clean fracture from its parent formation, presenting 
a beautiful surface for scientific study. The bottom, or bed 
portion, is of quartz formation, with sharp, well-defined 
lines, not at all water-worn, but fitting together in the 
manner of rubble-work in masonry, which crystallized be- 
fore the flood, distinctly marking the antediluvian period. 

There is a deposit of clean, sharp gray sand, which has 
every appearance of having been disintegrated from the 
granite boulders before mentioned, fitting in the interstices 
between the quartz formation with the exactness and pre- 
cision of a master workman, the curve suiting exactly to 
the contour of the quartz bed on which the granite sand 
rests. Next above it are alternate layers of sand of the 
same quality, intermixed with mica, showing the same 



156 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

water-curve lines as underneath. Next above is a stratum 
of granite sand about five inches thick, intermixed with a 
shght amount of carbon, and on the top of this is a beau- 
tiful gray sand-rock formation, of the same quality and 
texture of sand, in delicate layers, distinctly marked with 
fine water-lines, each proving successive deposits during the 
flood, the whole now being as solid and compact as any 
granite boulder which may be nestled in its original place 
where put by the Almighty on the first morning of the 
creation. The whole distinctly marks these periods of 
time, — the Antediluvian, when the quartz bed formed ; the 
Diluvian, when the disintegrated granite sand was de- 
posited; and the Post-Diluvian, being the present period 
since the flood, during which time the sand has become a 
solid mass of rock. 

What a satisfaction it would be if we could as easily 
locate a natural bed of limestone which crystallized or 
partly crystallized before the flood. But with all the im- 
mense deposits in different parts of the world, even in inter- 
vening strata in and between our vast coal deposits, all 
prove limestone to have been deposited by the flood and 
crystallized since that time. Limestone is carbonate of 
lime, and when perfectly pure crystallizes into marble, and 
as such must have been a finely-powdered substance before 
the flood. But its existence before that period is only a 
matter of speculation. No doubt that when the *' foun- 
tains of the great deep were broken up" it was ejected from 
the bowels of the earth. 

Other proofs of the flood can be had by sinking shafts. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. I 57 

or wells, in Bridgeport, on the south side of the Schuylkill. 
I witnessed the operation. First we went through soil ; 
then red shale, so called, in which were solidly-compacted 
water- worn stones, quite foreign to the earth in which they 
are embedded ; lower down were alternate layers of sand 
and red shale, to a depth of at least fifty feet, before we 
struck water, the whole fifty feet being an alluvial deposit. 



14 



158 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 



CHAPTER XVI I. 

The Age. of Mollusks — The Period of Reptiles according to Geology — The 
German Mussel-Chalk and Keuper — The Ichthyosaurus, or Fish-Lizard of 
Antediluvian Origin — The Plesiosaurus — The Pterodactyl, a Flying Monster 
— The Dinosaurs (Terrible Lizards) — The Labyrinthodon — The Rampho- 
rhyncus. 

Our geologists designate the " Silurian Age" and the 
" Potsdam Period" — from the name of a town in New 
York — as the period when mollusks and small animals of 
the Towest order took shape, the remains of which have 
since been found as fossils in stone of recent formation. 
To describe them in their regular order, or to number them 
beyond saying that they are legion, would tire the reader. 
Besides, the argument they produce is of such an order 
that it can be more readily applied in support of the 
Mosaic account of the flood than suited to a fabulous de- 
scription as given in Professor Steele's work (for full par- 
ticulars see page 114). The sum total of the subject is 
that the fossil remains of mollusks, such as oysters, clams, 
etc., and animals such as lobsters, etc., are now found in 
stone of different kinds of recent formation. Did not 
God say that he would " destroy all creeping things 
wherein there was breath of life" ? Inasmuch as it is a 
principle that nothing can be lost, might we not look for 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 59 

their remains to be encased in sand, which hermetically 
sealed them, and since crystallized into stone ? 

The " Devonian Age" is next graphically sketched. It 
takes its name from the County of Devon, England. In 
that age fishes of five different types are supposed to have 
been originated. Various kinds of fossils are also shown 
of a higher order than those of the first or " Silurian Age." 

Next they have the *' Carboniferous Age," page 149. 
This age is so named from the abundance of coal. formed 
in its time, of which we will speak in future. For the 
present we are only noticing mollusks, reptiles, and differ- 
ent species of animals according to their genera. The 
geologists tell us that embedded in the limestone of that 
period are found such fossils as crinoids, brachiopods, and 
fish remains. Plants are the characteristic fossils of the 
period. Everywhere the shales bear impress of the deli- 
cate traces of ferns, leaves, and stems depicted with the 
sharpest outlines. 

And why should they not be ? Did not the waters of 
the flood, with their sad havoc, wash all manner of sub- 
stance and material promiscuously at one time, and deposit 
it as found to-day ? If the remains of all animals had 
always been deposited on the top of the debris and exposed 
to the elements, they would have decomposed, and would 
not have been left as an index for us to-day to trace the 
destruction of the deluge. But they were wisely sealed 
from the air, and have fossilized, and to-day are " silent 
monitors of the past." 

Our geologists next introduce the Mesozoic Time, mean- 



l60 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

ing the middle-life of geologic history and comprising the 
age or advent of reptiles. 

" A new cycle now begins. The four grand old types of 
life remain, but they are presented under new and more 
familiar features. The four orders of vertebrates are at 
last complete. The air is purified for land animals. A 
flora arises capable of supporting a more abundant fauna. 
Birds, mammals, common or bony fishes appear ; palms 
and flowering plants appear. . . . Aside from these general 
features, the distinguishing characteristic of the Mesozoic 
Time is the extraordinary development of reptiles. These 
animals astonish us by their vast number, gigantic size, 
and unwonted appearance. Through those antique forests 
enormous lizards forty to fifty feet in length dragged their 
ponderous bodies, — the modern representatives of which 
are inoffensive little creatures a few inches long that seek 
only to hide from our view in the grass." 

Do we not yet have the alligator, which is a formi- 
dable representative of those lizards forty and fifty feet 
long? 

On page 167 we find the "Triassic and Jurassic Periods 
of the Mesozoic Time," and, for brevity, I will only quote 
a foot-note which is appended to page 168, which is of 
German origin. " The Bunter Sandstein, or colored sand- 
stone, the Miischelkalk, or mussel-chalk, and the Keuper, 
a miner's term meaning a group of red and green marls 
and shales." 

Here are three distinct groups or formations presenting 
themselves, but all of them, in our opinion, such as the 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. l6l 

flood would have produced. The sandstone, while in a 
disintegrated or uncrystallized condition, was colored by 
the coloring-matter or substance which had colored the 
waters of the flood in the manner that our creeks and 
rivers get muddy in time of high water at the present day, 
where red sandstone occurs. The mussel-chalk and marls 
were also formed by the flood, being deposits of sand and 
an immense deposit of grass and green herbage inter- 
mingling with the sand and depositing the chlorophyll or 
coloring substance of the grass in the sand, not only im- 
parting color but adding fertilizing properties to the marl 
at the same time. 

The limits of our work will not admit of an extended 
notice of all the " unclean beasts" which were destroyed 
by the flood, and we will refer the reader to Professor 
Steele's " Fourteen Weeks' Course in Geology." 

On page 173 : " The Ichthyosaurus (fish-lizard) is a striking 
illustration of a comprehensive type, having the general 
contour of a dolphin, the snout of a porpoise, the head 
of a lizard, the jaws and teeth of a crocodile, the vertebrae 
of a fish, the sternal arch of the water-mole, the paddles 
of a whale, and the trunk and tail of a quadruped. Its 
habits were doubtless aquatic, Avhile, like the whale, it 
breathed atmospheric air, and was thus compelled to come 
frequently to the surface of the water. Its neck was short 
and thick, its head large, and its body twenty or thirty 
feet long. Its jaws had an enormous opening, some having 
been found with one hundred and sixty teeth, which could 
be renewed many times, as above each tooth was always 



1 62 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

the bony germ of a new one. The eyes were often two 
feet in diameter." 

On page 177 : '' The Plesiosauriis had the head of a Hzard, 
the teeth of a crocodile, the neck of a swan, the trunk and 
tail of a quadruped, the ribs of a chameleon. Each pair 
of ribs surrounded the body with a complete girdle formed 
of five pieces, thus, affording great facility for the expansion 
and dilatation of the lungs. The paddles were like those of 
a whale. Its tail was shorter than that of the ichthyosaurus, 
being only sufficient to act as a rudder in guiding the body. 
To compensate this loss and assist in propulsion, its pad- 
dles were much larger and more powerful. Its appearance 
presented a striking contrast to that of its more ponderous 
foe, the ichthyosaurus, whose attacks it could escape by 
sinking to the bottom, while its long neck reached to the 
surface of the water and maintained respiration. 

" The Pterodactyl (wing-fingered) is represented as an 
apparent monstrosity, surpassing even the two reptiles just 
mentioned. It was so named because the bone of one 
finger was greatly expanded in order to support an ex- 
tended membrane for flying. It was a true aerial reptile. 
Its wings resembled those of bats. Its bones were hollow, 
like those of birds, but it bore no feathers, and had a 
mouth full of teeth. Remains have been found indicating 
a spread of wing of not less than sixteen feet ; but the 
usual species of the Liassic did not exceed ten inches in 
length. Its ordinary position was upon its hind feet, walk- 
ing upright with folded wings, or perched on trees, or 
climbing along cliffs with its hooked claws and feet. The 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 63 

smaller ones lived on insects, but the larger probably 
pounced on struggling reptiles, or, diving into the water, 
preyed on fish. More than, twenty species of the ptero- 
dactyl have been discovered in the Old World, but in the 
New there have been found only a pair of finger-bones at 
Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. 

" The Dinosaurs (terrible lizards) were land reptiles of 
enormous size that roamed, elephant-like, over the river- 
plains or browsed in the forests of the Oolitic and Wealden 
Epochs. These included the megalosaur (large lizard), 
hylaeosaur (wood-lizard), iguanodon, etc., which were huge 
monsters from forty to seventy feet in length. The megalo- 
saur was carnivorous, having teeth curved backward like 
a pruning-knife, and with a double edge of enamel so as 
to cut like a sabre equally on each side. 

" The Labyriiithodon was a frog-like quadruped often 
attaining the size of an ox. It is so named because the 
outer coating of its teeth was bent inward in intricate, mazy 
folds. Its head was protected by a helmet, and its body by 
a scaly armor. 

" The Rampliorhynchus , the remains of which have been 
found in the quarries of Solenhofen, is a curious interme- 
diate link between birds and reptiles. Its tail, a singular 
appendage, was long, reptile-like, and dragged upon the 
ground, while its foot-prints were bird-like. No wonder 
that palaeontologists hesitate whether to class it with birds 
or with reptiles." 



164 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

Age of Mammals, or those that Suckle their Yoimg — Mammoths — Six Sketches 
of Mastodons found by a Farmer in a Bog in New Jersey — Brownstone — 
Bird-tracks in Brownstone — Greenstone. 

We will next notice the *' Cenozoic Time," or recent life 
of geologic history, comprising only one age, that of 
mammals, or animals which suckle their young. 

Professor Steele terms it the Tertiary and Post-Tertiary 
period. "The mammoth," he says (page 225), '' ox fossil 
elephant^ was about one-third larger than any known to 
modern times. A tooth in the Ward Cabinet, Rochester, 
weighs fourteen pounds. This animal wandered in great 
herds over England, thence to Siberia and across Behring's 
Straits into North America. Its remains are very abundant. 
Over two thousand molar-teeth were found in a few years 
by the fishermen of the little village of Happisburg. The 
islands in the sea north of Siberia are but conglomerations 
of sand, ice, and the tusks and teeth of elephants. During 
every storm, the waves wash loose and cast ashore this 
fossil ivory, which becomes a profitable article of commerce. 
Single tusks are found weighing over two hundred pounds. 
In 1844 sixteen thousand pounds are said to have been 
sold at St. Petersburg. The ivory thus obtained has been 
exported to China for five centuries, and yet the supply 
seems undiminished. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 65 

''In 1799 a fisherman discovered among the icebergs on 
the banks of the Lena an odd-shaped block of ice. Two 
years after, he found the tusks and flank of a mammoth 
protruding from it, and in five years the entire body became 
disentangled and fell upon the sand. He removed the 
tusks and sold them. Two years subsequent, Mr. Adams, 
of the St. Petersburg Academy, heard of the discovery and 
visited the spot. The people of the neighborhood had cut 
off pieces of the flesh for their dogs, and wild beasts had 
mangled it, but the skeleton was nearly entire. The skin 
yet covered the head ; one of the ears, well preserved, was 
furnished with a tuft of hair ; the neck had a flowing mane ; 
and the body retained scattered tufts of reddish wool and 
black hair. Mr. Adams collected the bones, repurchased 
the tusks, — which were more than nine feet long, — and sold 
this unique specimen to the Emperor of Russia for six 
thousand dollars." 

Here were found the remains of tropical animals locked 
up in the frozen regions of Siberia, from sixty to seventy 
degrees north of the equator, leading geologists to formu- 
late an idea that that portion of the earth at one period of 
its history enjoyed a climate like that now found at the 
equator. Had that been so, would not all those carcasses 
which are now found have met the same fate as that of 
their congeners at the present day at the equator ? Can 
you go to the equator to-day and find large deposits of 
fossil remains indigenous to that region which are of recent 
formation ? Do not all animals that die there to-day soon 
decompose, so that they will be unknown fifty years hence ? 



1 66 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

We know that the animals at the equator were destroyed 
by the flood, and we also know that the rise in the waters 
of the flood was not less than three miles in height, which 
would have carried the carcasses north from the equator, 
by the natural flow of the tide^ to just about the distance 
where they are now found; and the climate being cold, 
they would have frozen up in the manner above described. 

On page 228, Professor Steele says, — 

" The mastodon resembled the modern elephant, but had, 
in general, a longer body* and more massive limbs. When 
discovered, Buffon called this animal the elephant of the 
Ohio. A single tooth, however, is sufficient to distinguish 
its remains. The grinding surface of a mastodon's tooth is 
covered with conical projections, — whence the name of the 
animal, — while that of the elephant is flat. Teeth have 
been dug up weighing seventeen pounds each, and tusks 
fourteen feet in length. Six skeletons were found in 
Warren County, N. J., by a farmer digging in a bog. 
Within the ribs of one of them, being evidently the con- 
tents of the stomach, were seven bushels of vegetable 
matter, which, on microscopic examination, proved to con- 
sist of cedar twigs, which probably formed the animal's last 
supper. Similar discoveries, and also the form of the teeth, 
prove that its food was roots, small branches, leaves, grass, 
etc. 

" The mastodon was once common in the United States, 
and probably wandered in herds over all the country west 
of the Connecticut River." 

Here again we find additional evidence of the flood. If 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 6/ 

only one skeleton had been found in the bog, no one would 
have wondered at it ; but the finding of six skeletons of 
the mastodon in one place of sepulture was an extraordi- 
nary occurrence, and nothing less than a calamity like 
the flood would have caused their destruction in that 
manner. 

There are many more reptiles and other animals of ante- 
diluvian origin, but we fear we have already extended our 
description too far for the limits of our work, which was 
not intended to be a treatise on natural history. 

Brownstone, which is well known to architects and 
builders, is a deposit by the flood, the same as limestone, 
but of a different kind of material. There is no doubt that 
much of it is of sand which has been worn from granite 
boulders through erosion, by the waters of the flood pass- 
ing over them while in a partially crystallized condition. 
As I have before remarked, all granite boulders that I have 
ever seen are round on their upper surfaces. 

The quality of brownstone varies greatly. Connecticut 
brownstone is much sought for the fronts of buildings, 
being soft and easily worked and having a fine, even grain ; 
but it is readily destroyed by fire. 

That it is of post-diluvian formation, the following from 
Professor Steele's work (page 184) will prove: 

" Bird-tracks. — In the red sandstones of the Connecticut 
valley, numerous footprints have been found, described by 
Hitchcock as mainly the tracks of birds. The number of 
these footprints is wonderful. Tracks of many different 
sizes and species often traverse the same slab. The largest 



1 68 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

tracks are fifteen inches long, and so deep as to hold nearly 
two quarts of water. They were made by a fowl walking 
erect and having a stride of three feet. Hitchcock esti- 
mates that it far exceeded the ostrich in size, being at least 
twelve feet high, and weighing from four hundred to eight 
hundred pounds." 

What better evidence could we desire of those rocks 
having been at one time in a plastic condition ? and even 
for many years after the flood they were still in a soft state, 
though sufficiently hard to support the weight of a species 
of fowl which existed at that time, weighing from four 
hundred to eight hundred pounds, the impress of the bird's 
foot being only a few inches deep. 

We have brown sandstone of similar formation in this 
State near Hummelstown, and at Newtown, Bucks County: 
that occurring in the latter locality is interspersed with 
water-worn white flint stones, which were evidently worn 
round by the water at the bottom, of some stream before 
they were carried and embedded among the sand where 
they are now found in a perfectly crystallized solid rock 
which is frequently used for abutments for bridges. Both 
of the last-named varieties are much harder than the Con- 
necticut stone. The color imparted to all of them is 
through the waters of the flood becoming and remaining 
brown colored by being kept thoroughly mixed with red 
shale, or brown clay as it was then, and carried forward 
and deposited with the sand or embryotic brownstone. 

We will next consider the formation of greenstone, or 
serpentine stone as it is called. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 69 

Professor Steele says (p. 56), " Serpentine is a sort of 
compact talc. It differs from steatite (soapstone) in being 
less granular and more compact in its texture, and in being 
sometimes separable into layers ; it has a dull, resinous 
lustre. It was named from its mottled colors, resembling 
the skin of a serpent.. Stoves have been made of it, as it 
bears heat well, when polished. ' Precious serpentine' has 
a rich, oil-green tint, and is highly valued for inlaid work." 

We have two kinds of greenstone in Pennsylvania. That 
which Professor Steele describes as " mottled," resembling 
the skin of a serpent, which bears heat well, and has a rich, 
oil-green tint, is the upper strata of the soapstone vein near 
'' Lafayette Station," which I have already described. It 
has been used for building purposes to a limited extent at 
Ardmore, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. While new, 
it presents a bright appearance, but it fades under the influ- 
ence of the elements and becomes dull, and assumes a 
dark, ugly color. The soapstone vein can be traced by 
boulders lying on the earth's surface, which is a natural 
formation, and no doubt presented the appearance of soap- 
stone only, prior to the deluge, in a partially crystallized 
state, but the passing waters of the flood have deposited 
substances with it, which have since developed into the 
formation above described. 

There is a deposit of greenstone formation, running 
northeast and southwest through the counties of Delaware 
and Chester and extending into Montgomery, which is 
much used for building purposes. Among the buildings 
constructed of it is the Academy of Natural Sciences in 
H 15 



170 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

Philadelphia. It is not mottled, and cannot be named after 
that natural enemy of mankind. It has a grit and texture 
.much like those of Connecticut brownstone, and has veins 
or seams through it, to some extent, rendering much of it 
valueless and unfit for use. These seams may be traced 
to the following cause : The base of Connecticut brown- 
stone is sharp sand, and its color has been added by the 
waters of the flood having been mixed or colored brown 
by an admixture of red shale, or brown earth, which added 
to it not only imparts color, but causes a softer consistency. 
The coloring substance of greenstone is chlorophyll, which 
has been added by grass deposited with the sand, and the 
veins that are in the stone have been caused by the fibrous 
portion of the grass, which has been deposited with it. It 
holds its color, and does not become ugly under the action 
of the elements, as the mottled or " serpentine" does. 

To further illustrate the subject, it is known that when 
grass is mown for hay it is green and full of " sap," as 
farmers say, which sap is a property known in science as 
chlorophyll, being the coloring property of grass. When 
grass is cut for hay and exposed to the sun, the liquid 
portion of that chlorophyll is absorbed by the sun and 
carried into the atmosphere, but the solid portion of it 
remains in the hay. When, however, the grass was carried 
simultaneously with the sand by the flood and deposited 
in its natural green state, and kept wet for a length of time, 
the chlorophyll combined with the sand, and being at an 
early day covered by a stratum of earth, it remained her- 
metically sealed from the atmosphere and crystallized into 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 17I 

stone in that condition. Its mottling, resembling that of 
the skin of a serpent, as Professor Steele says, is further 
proof of that fact. 

The veins through it, which Professor Hitchcock de- 
scribes as having occurred by its " shrinking or cooling 
from a melted, or dried from a moist state," were formed 
by the solid or fibrous portion of the grass in their trans- 
formation in the body of the stone. The irregular dis- 
tribution of the color is further proof of our description 
being correct. The stone is susceptible of a high polish. 



172 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 



CHAPTER XIX. 

Formation of Coal — The Mythical Ferns — Trees Rooted in the Soil forming 

Coal-beds. 

Much has been written by geologists on this subject, 
and the most fanciful ideas have been advanced to cause 
the human imagination to speculate and advance theories 
regarding that which is a very simple production of nature. 
A plain, comprehensivQ view of the matter would seem to 
them entirely too superficial and lacking depth of meaning. 
It seems to afford pleasure to geologists to surround that 
which should have been easily understood a century ago 
with ideas that will require another century to understand. 
On page 154 of Professor Steele's work he introduces the 
Carbonifei^ozis period. 

^'Location. — The great coal-beds of the country lie in 
six detached areas, as seen in the Frontispiece. They are 
styled respectively the Rhode Island, Appalachian^ Michi- 
gan, Illinois, Missouri, and Texas coal-fields. The Rhode 
Island is the smallest, and comprises an area of only 1000 
square miles. The Missouri is the largest, and covers 
100,000 square miles. 

" Kinds of Rock. — The Carboniferous period was inaugu- 
rated by the formation of a great conglomerate sandstone 
known as the Millstone Grit. As it often contains thin 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 73 

seams of coal, it is frequently termed the False Coal-Meas- 
ures. During this era of convulsion, the fishes and ferns 
of the Devonian Age were buried deep beneath vast accu- 
mulations of lifeless sand and gravel. This was inter- 
rupted, however, by frequent times of quiet, when, for a 
brief interval, the land was partially clothed with vegeta- 
tion. The coal-measures proper present stratified rocks of 
every kind, — sandstone, shales, limestone, etc. They can 
be distinguished from Silurian or Devonian strata only by 
the fossils. There is generally about one foot of coal to 
fifty feet of rock. The thickness of the coal-bed is at some 
places only that of paper, and at others from thirty to forty 
feet. The ' Mammoth Vein' exposed to view at Wilkes- 
barre, and worked at Carbondale, Mauch Chunk, Shamo- 
kin, etc., is twenty-nine and one-half feet thick. The 
Pittsburg seam is eight feet thick, and may be traced for a 
long distance as a conspicuous black band along the high 
banks of the Monongahela. The miners estimate that a 
coal-bed gives 1,000,000 tons to the square mile for every 
foot of thickness. Iron ore is also abundant. Iron pyrites 
(sulphuret of iron) is distributed either in nodules, often 
of many pounds' weight, or in thin seams, so as to greatly 
injure the coal. The best quality of coal contains a trace 
of this impurity, which gives the disagreeable odor of coal- 
gas." 

A certain artist, after he had finished what he thought 
to be a very excellent picture, presented it to Abraham 
Lincoln for his opinion of its merits. Mr. Lincoln replied 
that, if any person wanted such a picture, he presumed it 



174 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

would be just what that person needed. But we think that 
if any person wanted information regarding the formation 
of coal, the foregoing article would not suit him. How 
the formation of a conglomerate sandstone known as the 
" Millstone Grit" had anything to do with the production 
of coal, which is of vegetable formation, is hard to explain. 
" The coal-measures proper present stratified rocks of every 
kind, — sandstone, shales, limestone," etc. Does this not 
prove it to be a deposit of the waters of the deluge? 

*' The thickness of the coal-bed is at some places only 
that of paper, and at others from thirty to forty feet." 

Is not that additional proof of its having been carried 
there and unequally distributed by the flood? 

But, they tell us, there could not be sufficient vegetation 
on the surface of the earth at any one time to produce the 
amount of coal now found embedded under its surface by 
a cataclysm or deluge. 

On page 155 of Professor Steele's work he adds a 
foot-note, which he copies from Winchell's " Geological 
Sketches :" 

*' The amount of vegetable matter in a single coal-seam 
six inches thick is greater than the most luxuriant vegeta- 
tion of the present day would furnish in twelve hundred 
years. Boussingault calculates that luxuriant vegetation 
at the present day takes from the atmosphere about half 
a ton of carbon per acre annually, or fifty tons per acre 
in a century. Fifty tons of stove-coal spread evenly over 
an acre of surface would make a layer less than one-third 
of an inch. But suppose it to be half an inch, then the 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 175 

time required for the accumulation of a seam of coal three 
feet thick — the thinnest which can be worked to advantage 
— would be seven thousand two hundred years. 

" If the aggregate thickness of all the seams of coal in 
any basin amounts to sixty feet, the time required for its 
accumulation would be one hundred and forty-four thou- 
sand years. In the coal-measures of Nova Scotia are 
seventy-six seams of coal, of which one is twenty-two feet 
thick, and another thirty-seven." 

If figures are accurately computed, they are stubborn 
facts. But we think this foot-note by Boussingault which 
Professor Steele has added does not help him much. " Bous- 
singault calculates that luxuriant vegetation at the present 
day takes from, the atmosphere about half a ton of carbon 
per acre annually, or fifty tons per acre in a century." He 
must bear in mind that the earth presented a greater amount 
of land surface before and after the flood than it does at the 
present day ; and that the growth of vegetation before the 
flood is supposed to have been much greater than at the 
present time, for man, with his ingenious devices, such as 
railroads, requiring ties, did not exist anterior to the flood. 
Again, a period of sixteen hundred and fifty-six years had 
elapsed from the creation to the flood, and very many of 
the trees were far more than one hundred years old, grow- 
ing up and falling down beside those of more recent 
growth, each having an average of perhaps seventy-five 
years to draw sustenance from the atmosphere, in place of 
a luxuriant growth of one year. Again, Boussingault says, 
" If the aggregate thickness of all the seams of coal in any 



176 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

basin amounts to sixty feet, tlie time required for its ac- 
cumulation would be one hundred and forty-four thousand 
years." Correct, Mr. Boussingault; that would be the exact 
time required, if the whole earth were covered to a depth 
of sixty feet ; but when we consider that there is perhaps 
not more than one square mile in fifty which is underlaid 
with coal, we see that a period of two thousand eight hun- 
dred and eighty-nine years would have produced the 
amount, and we claim a period of four thousand years 
since the flood. I did not have Euclid for a preceptor, and 
if I have erred in my calculation I offer that fact as an 
apology. 

It would tire the reader, perhaps, to follow Professor 
Steele through the Carboniferous period of his work, and 
I will notice only some of the more prominent charac- 
teristics. 
- On page 156, he says : 

" The Ferns. — Ferns, which to-day creep at our feet, then 
towered into stately trees, with trunks a foot and a half in 
diameter. TJiey are abundant fossils, and doubtless con- 
tributed most to the formation of coal." 

I have frequently seen the impress of fern-leaves in coal, 
but they were of the size of the fern-leaves of the present 
day. I think that if the leaves had been in proportion to 
the trunks which Professor Steele speaks of, it would have 
been very difficult to find a perfect impression left in coal 
now being mined, from the fact of the water rolling and 
piling all timber and vegetation promiscuously together. 
The only impressions of fern-leaves which I have ever seen 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. IJJ 

in coal are those of a variety common at present on the 
banks of Mill Creek, in Lower Merion, Montgomery County, 
Pennsylvania, of a somewhat coarse, stout growth, the leaf, 
not large, but of heavy proportions, exactly fitted to leave 
such impressions as those in question. I have examined a 
number of cross-sections of coal such as is considered by 
coal dealers of the best and purest quality, and have often 
counted the rings, as they are called, indicating each year's 
growth. The degree of curvature in the outside ring 
would very often show the remains of a tree three and a 
half feet in diameter, and from its weight (anthracite) I am 
certain it was of white oak, or some other wood equally 
solid, which would not weigh less than sixty pounds per 
cubic foot, while a cubic foot of solid bituminous coal, 
which is the product of pine timber, would not weigh over 
fifty pounds. I think the trunk of a fern-tree might be 
considered a " light weight" for a base to form coal from. 
Ferns, or even the cone-bearing trees which they speak of, 
would not supply the anthracite coal of the present day, 
weighing, as it does, sixty pounds per solid cubic foot. The 
geologists may argue that such vegetation perhaps has had 
other substances of a more solid character deposited with 
them to draw from ; but this is not Hkely, since they add 
other vegetation, such as reeds, etc., which are of a less 
solid character. 

The question may be asked, what information can be 
gathered which shall guide us to a correct opinion regard- 
ing the formation of coal, by reading what our professors 

and teachers have advanced on that subject ? The accounts 
m 



1/8 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

of those mythical ferns which they say grew to the size of 
trees, measuring one and a half feet in diameter, read much 
like fairy-tales, which are ofttimes told for the amusement 
of children. In fact, if they were regarded as such, the 
world would be benefited thereby. 

Perhaps the best thing that could be done would be to 
eliminate that portion from their work entirely, and start 
with a more reasonable solution of the subject. 

All the information I can gain by reading the foregoing 
essay is the fact that " the coal-measures proper present 
stratified rocks of every kind, — sandstone, shales, lime- 
stone," etc., which are all of post-diluvian formation or 
such as have crystallized since the flood. If they had 
added such granite formation as that found at " Ringing 
Rocks," Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, I should have 
been at a loss to find a satisfactory solution. 

On page 156 of Professor Steele's work we find the fol- 
lowing : 

^' Trunks of trees, erect or prostrate, appear with their 
roots yet embedded in the layer of clay, the very soil in 
which they grew, underneath the coal. These fossils reveal 
to us most perfectly the vegetation of the period." 

Here we have undoubted evidence of timber being the 
base from which coal is formed, and the fact of its being 
found in the mines, firmly rooted in the soil, strengthens 
our belief in the theory that the coal deposits were formed 
by Noah's flood. Such fossil-rooted trees as are to-day 
found in the soil stood on that very spot in all their stateli- 
ness when the cataclysm took place, and other trees were 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 79 

brought by the waters and deposited with them in a " pros- 
trate" condition. 

It only goes to add further evidence as to the immense 
amount of forest timber that then existed. In 1870, while 
I was travelling through the coal regions, my business 
brought me to the office of a prominent coal company in 
Scranton, and in the corridor lying just outside of the 
office-door entrance was a beautiful specimen of anthracite 
coal, in the form of the stump of a tree, with roots attached 
to it not less than eighteen inches long. The body of the 
tree was about two and a half feet in diameter, thus show- 
ing a remarkable specimen of fossilized timber in the form 
of coal ; but that was an exception, and not the rule. I 
will venture to offer an opinion that there never was the 
stump of a tree found firmly rooted in its natural position 
in any soil except that of the lowest strata, which stood 
there when other debris was washed with it; and if trees 
with roots attached to them are found in the upper strata 
of coal, they were uprooted and carried by the waters of 
the flood and deposited where found, but not firmly rooted 
in an upright position, because I have never yet found 
any soil on the surface of the bed or strata underlying 
either of the upper veins. Where the coal and mineral 
substances come in contact with each other, the result is 
always the formation of slate. 



l8o THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 



CHAPTER XX. 

The Mythical Ideas of Geologists regarding the Advent of the Carboniferous 
Period — Lecture Delivered in West Chester. 

I HAD thought of dismissing Professor Steele's work so 
far as quoting from the " Carboniferous Age" is concerned, 
but here are extracts from pages 150 and 151 which can- 
not be passed unnoticed ; although he cannot but admit 
himself that they are entirely hypothetical, and have origi- 
nated from an imaginative brain, and if he were called on 
for existing proof might find trouble to produce it. 

"' The pressure of the waters in the Atlantic and Pacific 
Oceans gradually deepened their beds, and produced a 
corresponding uplift of the future continent, so that after a 
time the water drained off the site of the present Southern 
and the Middle States, south of the coast line, against 
which the warm water of the Gulf had beaten so long. 
The low muddy tracts (the former sea-bottom) became a 
wide extended marsh, warmed to a tropical temperature 
by the internal heat. The atmosphere, dense with moisture, 
and containing, in the form of carbonic acid, all the carbon 
now locked up in the coal-beds, was rich in vegetable food. 
These favorable conditions rendered the earth a very green- 
house, fit to teem with luxuriant vegetation. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. l8l 

" This same acid, however, would have been fatal to air- 
breathing animals. Hence, before they could be intro- 
duced, the atmosphere must be prepared for their use. 

" Here came a pause, as it were, in the progress of the 
animal life of the world. The plant must purify the air 
for the animal. The all-creative Hand, suiting the means 
to the end, at once covered the land with a new and 
abundant flora. Forests of strange form and prodigious 
size sprang up as if by magic to meet this new demand of 
Nature. No change of climate varied the productions of 
the ground, but everywhere flourished the same tropical 
growth. The crust of the earth was unsteady, and frequent 
elevations and depressions alternated. At one time it was 
lifted up to be covered with vegetation, and at another 
sunk, with the ruins of the forest, below the incoming 
ocean, to receive a deposit of sedimentary rocks. The 
theatre of these repeated changes was the whole of the 
present coal area, and much besides, from which the coal 
has been swept by subsequent denudation. 

" During a season of verdure a vast amount of vegetable 
debris, such as leaves, limbs, fallen trunks, etc., accumu- 
lated, only to be overwhelmed by the flood of sand, peb- 
bles, and mud washed in by the rushing waters. 

" The peat-deposit gradually changed to coal, and the 
sediment hardened to shales, sandstone, or clay. 

" Sometimes the water became deep and clear enough 

for corals or moUusks to exist, and Nature, suiting the new 

life to the new condition, populated the shallow sea with 

swarming millions, and there a limestone was interpolated. 

i6 



1 82 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

Perhaps a hundred times in the course of the age this pro- 
cess was repeated, and as many alternate layers chronicled 
the changes in regular succession. 

" In a Nova Scotia coal-bed Lyell found, in a portion 
fourteen hundred feet thick, no less than sixty-eight levels, 
showing as many different old soils of forests, one above 
the other, where the trunks of trees were still furnished 
with roots." 

Here we have an overdrawn picture drawn from imagina- 
tion, calculated only to confuse the mind and prevent the 
student from obtaining the remotest idea of the formation 
of coal. The picture represents the continent as at times 
uplifted far above the ocean and at other times " sunk, with 
the ruins of the forests, below the incoming ocean, to re- 
ceive a deposit of sedimentary rocks." How can this be 
proven? I will make a sweeping assertion, and declare it 
only a picture in imagination. There is too much trifling 
with this matter. Men of profound learning, with titles of 
honor attached to their names, might more readily find a 
solution of the problem as to the formation of coal, 
through the account of the deluge as Moses gives it, than 
by fi'aming delusive theories. There does not appear to be 
one of them that has made any advancement in scientific 
studies whatever who does not ignore the flood entirely. 
In conversation with a gentleman who is a disciple of 
Blackstone in regard to the fossils found in the Port 
Kennedy bone cave, I asked him whether he did not think 
they were deposited there by the flood. " Oh, no !" said 
he ; " they were thrown up by volcanic action at the time 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 83 

the limestone was thrown up," — as much as to say that the 
interior of the earth was at one time the abode of masto- 
dons, mammoths, elephants, etc. I consider that gentleman 
to-day far afbove the average in intellect. 

If God had created man first, and endowed him with 
the average intellect of the present day, and had taken him 
into his counsel in the creation of things terrestrial and 
celestial, we think glaciers might perhaps be passing 
through the tropical regions every morning, if for no other 
purpose than for cooling the waters for drinking purposes 
for the day's use : most assuredly the fertile brain of man 
could have added something which the Almighty perhaps 
did not think of 

I have been carrying a description in my pocket, clipped 
from the Local News, of a very interesting lecture delivered 

in West Chester some years ago, by Prof , on the 

formation of coal, which perhaps may interest the reader. 

" So many points of interest to our readers were brought 
out in this lecture that we give it further mention to- 
day. 

'' In speaking of the query. How were these beds of 
coal formed? he stated that while some small beds may 
have been formed by the accumulation of vegetable debris 
at the mouths of rivers, the greater portion of them, and 
especially the larger beds, w^ere formed from vegetable 
matter that grew on the spot where it is at present found. 
It is composed largely of the remains of tropical plants. 
It is found in the frozen North as well as in the middle and 
southern latitudes. 



1 84 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

" There is no doubt but that there was once a tropical 
cHmate existing in places that are now locked in eternal ice. 
Portians of Greenland are underlaid with vast coal-beds, 
and there, as elsewhere, we find the vast remains of tropical 
plants, which grow and flourish nowhere but in tropical 
climates. These plants grew in the Carboniferous age at 
a time when the surface of the earth was but little raised 
above the surface of the sea ; and, as subsequent sub- 
sidence of vast areas would produce the conditions of 
pressure under water, that would result in the formation of 
coal by the process of Nature's laboratory. Still later, 
some upheaval has served the purpose of raising these 
coal-fields to considerable elevation above the sea. The 
various grades of coal, from the peat and the softer quali- 
ties of bituminous coal to the hardest graphite, are only 
coal at different stages in its development. The more vola- 
tile substances, oxygen and hydrogen, are gradually given 
off, and a harder and still harder stage is reached, until at 
last graphite, or pure carbon, is the result." 

It will readily be admitted that the foregoing is in strict 
accordance with the teachings of the geology of the 
present day, and no doubt the professor who delivered that 
lecture had graduated in that particular branch of science, 
and may have had his diploma in his pocket when he 
delivered the lecture. 

We take exceptions to his statement that the vegetable 
matter grew on the spot where the coal is found. If so, 
nearly all of that substance known as coal would be found 
rooted in the earth. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 85 

He says, " It is composed largely of the remains of 
tropical plants." 

Such is not the case in Pennsylvania. We have exam- 
ined large quantities of it, and there is not the slightest 
vestige of tropical plants in it. 

" It is found in Greenland, Siberia, and other portions of 
the frozen north, where once a tropical climate existed." 

We doubt the existence of a tropical climate in those 
regions at any time. The coal found there with tropical 
remains was washed there by the immense tides at the 
time of the flood. Think of it ! the waters running north 
and south from the equator with an additional depth of 
three miles, might well be supposed to carry everything 
with them and deposit the debris where now found. But 
I will venture to assert that in all that coal formation in 
Greenland not one tree can be found rooted in the soil. 

" Still later some upheaval has served the purpose of 
raising these coal-fields to considerable elevation above the 
sea." That would be hard for the professor to prove. 

" The various grades of coal, from the peat and the 
softer qualities of bituminous coal to the hardest graphite, 
are only coal at different stages in its development." 

Allow me here to say that peat was formed at the same 
time as coal, but that, being full of loam and rich earth 
copiously mixed with fine vegetation, it will never become 
any nearer coal than it is at the present day, any more 
than the lignite or brown coal of Texas will ever become a 
good article of black bituminous coal. 

The professor speaks of graphite becoming more soHd, 

16- 



1 86 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

or, rather, he says that bituminous coal is graphite in a 
partially developed state. He ought to know that graphite 
can be artificially produced by taking carbon, which is 
charcoal, and combining iron filling with it. Graphite is 
the product of wood changed into coal, with a small quan- 
tity of iron mixed with it, A beautiful demonstration of this 
can be had by going to Chester Springs and witnessing the 
oxide of iron in the water, and thence tracing its flow in 
a direction south of east, where it is received in a bed of 
coal, forming what is known as the Plumbago Mine, near 
Chester Springs. We think it could have no influence 
.whatever towards improving it as coal, but that it would 
rather injure its combustible properties, since iron is a 
metallic substance, and as such retards combustion. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. I 8/ 



CHAPTER XXI. 

Developments of the Anthracite Coal-fields of Pennsylvania by State Geolo- 
gist Lesley — Professor Lesley's Observations near Chambersbtirg, Pennsyl- 
vania — Composition of Anthracite Coal — The Manner of its Deposit — 
Wyoming Valley — Massacre at Forty Fort. 

Perhaps the best idea to be had of the present forma- 
tion of anthracite coal, as found in the coal deposits of 
Pennsylvania, can be gathered from cross sections of coal- 
mines in Wyoming Valley sent me by his excellency R. E. 
Pattison, Governor of Pennsylvania, and the Hon. A. D. 
Markley, M.D., State Senator of Pennsylvania, from reports 
of Professor Lesley, State Geologist. 

Borings have been made with drills, beginning at the 
surface of the earth and continuing down, thus cutting 
through whatever the drill came in contact with, and the 
geological formation of the cuttings or deposits carefully 
noted. I have always been of the opinion that the Wyo- 
ming Valley, prior to the deluge, was a lake or basin, and 
that the current of the water, during the deluge, carried 
immense bodies of timber into that basin, of whatever 
varieties may have grown prior to the cataclysm, and de- 
posited it where it is now found in the form of coal ; and 
I find this opinion confirmed by the report of the State 
Geologist. We will first notice a report from a test made 



1 88 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

by Professor Lesley near the mouth of Forest City Slope, 
situated at the northeast end of Wyoming Valley, and at 
the extreme end of the coal-measure. 

I will next notice a boring made about twenty miles 
lower down the valley, and one made at the extreme south- 
west end of the valley, or nearly so, so as to prove an 
increase of the thickness of the seams of coal as the waters 
of the deluge carried the timber with them, and deposited 
it, just as would take place in a mill-dam or in a boom in 
a river. 

We will first notice the Forest City mine. Beginning 
at the surface of the earth, they first went through a depth 
of dirt, or earth, of five feet, next formation four feet six 
inches of slate, next three feet two inches of coal, next 
ten inches of soft dirt, next one foot of fire-clay, next 
twelve feet four inches of slate, next four feet of sandstone, 
next three feet four inches of slate, next nine inches of 
coal, next seven feet seven inches of slate, next two feet 
seven inches of sandstone, next ten feet of slate, next eight 
feet two inches of sandstone, next seven feet eleven inches 
of slate, next two feet eleven inches of coal, next two feet 
one inch of slate, next eleven inches of coal, next three 
feet of fire-clay, next three feet five inches of coal, next 
twenty-five feet six inches of slate, next twenty-four feet 
nine inches of sandstone, next two feet five inches of slate, 
next ten feet two inches of sandstone, next five feet three 
inches of slate, next two inches of coal, next thirteen feet 
six inches of sandstone, next one foot one inch of coal, 
next twenty-five feet ten inches of slate, next one foot seven 



THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. 1 89 

inches of coal, next eleven inches of slate, next one foot 
six inches of coal, next five feet six inches of slate, next 
sixteen feet six inches of hard sandstone, next six feet eight 
inches of slate, next seven feet six inches of sandstone, 
next twenty-four feet of hard rock, next nine inches of 
coal, next four feet one inch of slate, next thirty-three feet 
eight inches of sandstone, next four feet eight inches of 
coal, next two feet three inches of slate, and finally twelve 
feet of pea conglomerate. 

We have now gone down a total depth of three hundred 
and thirteen feet nine inches, and have passed eleven coal 
deposits aggregating in all twenty feet eleven inches, giving 
an average thickness of not quite one foot eleven inches. 

We will now notice a test made in the vicinity of Taylor- 
ville and Hyde Park, at the Archibald Colliery, about 
twenty miles below the first test. The first deposit met 
with is a deposit of slate and slaty sandstone fourteen feet 
seven inches thick, next is a hard sandstone of eight feet 
ten inches thick, next is a deposit of slate twenty feet one 
inch thick, next is a coal-bed three feet five inches thick, 
next is a deposit of slate five feet eight inches thick, next 
coal four feet four inches thick, next slate one foot four 
inches thick, next coal two feet four inches thick, next slate 
eleven feet eight inches thick, next coal eight feet three 
inches thick, next slate seven feet thick, next sandstone 
two feet thick, next slate seven feet two inches thick, next 
sandstone five feet six inches thick, next slate fourteen feet 
thick, next sandstone twenty-one feet six inches thick, next 
slate twenty-six feet nine inches thick, next coal eleven feet 



IQO THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

thick, next slate thirteen feet ten inches thick, next sand- 
stone five feet seven inches thick, next slate twelve feet ten 
inches thick, next coal nine feet four inches thick, making 
a total depth of two hundred and seventeen feet, in which 
occur coal deposits to the amount of thirty-eight feet eight 
inches. It is to be noticed that we have passed only six 
beds of coal, averaging over six feet five inches each in 
depth, whereas our other boring of three hundred and 
thirteen feet nine inches had eleven veins, averaging about 
one foot eleven inches each, proving that the deposit of 
timber twenty miles down the valley was much greater than 
it was at Forest City, the first point of observation. 

We will now proceed down the valley a distance of fifteen 
miles below our last scene of operation, to Plymouth, and 
will examine Plymouth shaft No. 4, which is about twelve 
miles above the extreme southwest end of the Wyoming 
coal basin. It will be observed that we have commenced 
at Forest City, the extreme northeast end of the Wyoming 
coal basin, and have travelled down with the current of 
the present flow of water to our last or Plymouth shaft 
observation, thus proving the increased deposit of coal by 
drifting timber at the time of the flood. 

Our first observations are as follows, at Plymouth shaft. 
From the surface down to a depth of forty-seven feet seven 
inches there is dirt or earth, next slate nine feet two inches, 
next gray sandstone twenty-three feet three inches, next 
slate eight feet eleven inches, next coal thirteen feet, next 
dark sandstone ten feet nine inches, next gray sandstone 
one foot eleven inches, next fire-clay ten feet five inches, 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. I9I 

next pebble rock forty-three feet four inches, next dark 
sandstone eighteen feet three inches, next gray sandstone 
nine feet four inches, next dark sandstone eleven feet two 
inches, next slate three feet ten inches, next coal one foot 
eight inches, next fire-clay five feet four inches, next light 
slate two feet seven inches, next coal eleven inches, next 
slate one foot two inches, next fire-clay one inch, next dark 
sandstone nine feet eight inches, next light slate five feet 
ten inches, next dark sandstone three feet one inch, next 
slate ten feet ten inches, next coal twenty feet ten inches, 
next fire-clay four feet eleven inches, next dark sandstone 
sixteen feet three inches, next coal forty feet nine inches, 
next fire-clay three feet three inches. 

It will be observed that we have passed through a total 
thickness of three hundred and thirty-eight feet one inch, 
of which amount seventy-seven feet two inches is occupied 
by coal deposited in five veins, an average thickness of 
fifteen feet five inches for each vein. Here our State Geolo- 
gist has produced proof which should at once startle the 
imagination of our modern professors in the science of 
geology as taught at the present day. They teach that the 
Carboniferous period was ushered in by the introduction of 
a rock which is extensively found in the coal regions and is 
known as the " millstone grit," and that certain vegetation 
soon followed, such as gigantic ferns, which grew to the 
prodigious height of fifty feet and measured eighteen 
inches in diameter, together with other vegetation of pro- 
portionate growth, suited to that period of the world's his- 
tory, and all firmly rooted in the ground where they grew^ 



192 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

SO as to form the vast deposits of coal where it is found at 
the present day, — a process which would have taken millions 
of years to accomplish ; thus tr3ang to disprove the first 
chapter of the Bible, and thereby taking an important step 
in the direction of condemning that sacred work entirely. 

In order to decide impartially as to the probability of 
those mammoth ferns and other carbonaceous forms of 
vegetation having once grown, and having been firmly 
rooted in the soil, subsequently to form our coal deposits, it 
is only necessary to examine the beds on which the present 
coal veins lie and see how well they have been adapted for 
that purpose. We will take the Archibald Colliery first, 
that being the second one which I have described. We 
find the upper vein resting on a bed of slate five feet eight 
inches thick, which certainly would have been solid enough 
to support those immense ferns, but we think the soil in 
a formation of that kind would be insufficient to produce 
them of that growth. 

The next or second vein of coal which we find as we go 
downward from the surface, rests on a bed of slate also, 
one foot four inches thick. The next or third vein of coal 
rests on a bed of slate eleven feet eight inches thick, which 
certainly would have been solid enough to support almost 
any kind of carboniferous vegetation. The next or fourth 
vein of coal rests on a bed of slate seven feet thick. The 
next or fifth vein of coal rests on a bed of slate thirteen 
feet ten inches thick ; and the sixth or last bed is left by 
the State Geologist without naming a bed of any kind on 
which it rests. 



THE CREATION AEEIRMED. 1 93 

We will now examine the Plymouth shaft No. 4, which I 
have described as situated in the lower end of the Wyo- 
ming Valley coal basin. Beginning at the surface of the 
earth and going downward, we find the first bed of coal 
that we come to thirteen feet thick, resting on a dark sand- 
stone ten feet nine inches thick. Such a foundation as that 
would have been admirably adapted to grow ferns. The 
second coal vein we strike is one foot eight inches thick, 
resting on a bed of fire-clay five feet four inches thick. 
Certainly the fire-clay would have been more unctuous 
than the unyielding dark sandstone rock, but its fertilizing 
properties may be somewhat questioned. The third coal 
seam is but eleven inches thick, and rests on fire-clay also, 
which perhaps accounts for the vein of coal being so thin. 
The fourth vein of coal is twenty feet ten inches thick and 
rests on a bed of fire-clay four feet eleven inches thick. 
From the thickness of this vein we may adjudge fire-clay 
perhaps better adapted for raising ferns than we had pre- 
viously thought. And surely the last coal-vein of forty 
feet nine inches, resting on a bed of fire-clay also, proves it 
to be just '* the stuff" we were looking for. Words are in- 
sufficient to describe the growth of that primeval forest of 
tropical vegetation. To have the remotest knowledge of it, 
would have required our presence to view it and see for 
ourselves; and then, no doubt, like the Queen of Sheba 
after her visit to the courts of Solomon, we should have 
exclaimed that the " half had not been told of its vastness 
and beauty," so vast must have been the growth of that 

tropical vegetation out of fire-clay, to produce those forty 
\ n 17 



ig4 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

feet nine inches of solid anthracite coal of the present day. 
It looks like the delusive imaginations of a dream rather 
than like a fact on which to base a science to be taught in 
our institutes of learning in this present era of progress. 
We feel startled at the hypothetical ideas advanced not only 
concerning the formation of those heavy seams of coal, but 
also concerning that of their immediate deposits of slate, 
sand rock, pebble rock, fire-clay, etc., amounting sometimes 
to over one hundred feet between those seams of coal, the 
formation of which by any other agency than a cataclysm 
would have required more time than that familiar character 
" the oldest inhabitant" could have dreamed of No ; we 
are satisfied that those coal deposits were made by the 
great deluge which Moses has described, which carried 
vast forests of timber with it into the localities where coal 
is now found, and the fact that the heaviest coal veins are 
found in the lower portion of the Wyoming Valley proves 
beyond doubt that the timber deposit was carried onward 
by the current until checked in its course by the mountain. 
Subsequent deposits of fire-clay, sand, and pebbles which 
have since crystallized into rock, now form what our State 
Geologist has carefully marked in his charts of the borings. 
The slate, as every one knows, wherever found, is carbonate 
of lime intermixed with vegetation, and the presence of 
sulphur gives it its slate color. 

I will also note a few observations in different tests 
which have been made by State Geologist Lesley, which 
are worthy of careful consideration. In No. 6, mine sheet 
No. III., No. 2 shaft, of Susquehanna Coal Co., at a depth 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 95 

of fifty-five feet eight inches they struck a formation of 
slate, curly slate, coal, and stone. In the same shaft, at an 
additional depth of sixty-two feet six inches, they struck 
hard bone sandstone, which is sandstone with coal mixed 
through it ; in some places we see slate and fire-clay mixed. 
In the Sloan Colliery, Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western 
Railroad Co., at a depth of one hundred and twenty feet 
four inches there is a deposit of black slate and iron balls 
to the thickness of thirty-one feet. Like formations are 
noticeable all over the coal regions, going clearly to prove 
the destructive flood which Moses has described, which 
occurred sixteen hundred and fifty-six years after the 
creation, before crystallization had taken place in all 
minerals as at present. The fact that timber is now found 
mineraHzed, and homogeneously combined with other 
mineral substances, proves that crystallization of said prop- 
erties has taken place within the last four thousand years. 
If such a cataclysm were to visit the earth now, with our 
mineral substances crystaUized as they are at present and 
deposited with the timber of the present day, the quality 
of coal which would then present itself would be entirely 
different from that which is now found. 

It is also worthy of notice that specimens of fossilized 
timber bearing rare and beautiful markings are in posses- 
sion of connoisseurs in different parts of the country, 
which much resemble the growth of the bird's-eye maple 
and variegated birch of the present day, and which may 
have been of a species of timber then growing entirely 
unknown to us. Such specimens have been taken out at 



196 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

Plymouth, Carbondale, and other places in the coal regions ; 
but they are the exception, and not the rule. In the 
whole forty millions tons of output of anthracite coal for 
1890, I will venture to assert that not one hundred rare 
specimens were found. 

It will be noticed that, with the many borings which have 
been made through the anthracite coal-fields of Pennsyl- 
vania, averaging in depths from one hundred and fifty to 
two thousand and five feet, not one drop of petroleum nor 
one foot of fuel gas has been discovered, thus proving that 
anthracite coal is a deposit of timber and other vegetation 
of a non-resinous or oleaginous character. 

All credit is due our State authorities for establishing 
a State geological survey with an efficient engineer at its 
head, and tests should be made in all parts of the State to 
obtain sound information on the subject. Let us lay aside 
all visionary ideas, and establish a more solid basis to assist 
in promulgating the science of geology. 

If tests were made, the world would be startled at find- 
ing what the contour of the earth's surface was anterior to 
the deluge. My own knowledge of its change of surface 
from what I have read, and from what I have travelled 
over, satisfies me that large deposits of coal lie buried in 
districts where it is as yet unthought of Imagine the 
waters rising not less than three miles in height and sweep- 
ing over the surface of a new earth, with the avowed pur- 
pose of the Creator to cause the destruction of all living 
things : must not such a flood have carried everything be- 
fore it ? Hill-tops in many places were denuded and swept 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 97 

into valleys, carr}dng timber and all vegetation with them. 
Such destruction and mixing up of things generally was 
never known before nor since. Professor Lesley, of the 
State Geological Survey, says, on page 82 of Professor 
Steele's work, in a foot-note, — 

" Near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, there is a fault 
twenty miles in length, and the depth of the dislocation is 
twenty thousand feet, and yet a man can stand with one 
foot on one side of this fracture and the other foot on the 
other side. What has become, then, of this immense mass 
of material twenty thousand feet in height ? It must have 
been swept into the Atlantic by the denuding flood. If 
this had not been done, a bold precipice would have stood 
there nearly four miles in height and twenty miles in 
length. Long ages must have been required for water to 
effect such a denudation." No doubt long ages would 
have been required to cause that denudation under ordi- 
nary circumstances, but w^ien God directed his cataclysm 
for the destruction of all living, that denudation took place 
in a short time. But it is a singular fact that there is 
not a geologist that will acknowledge Noah's flood. 

Geologists tell us that the different varieties of coal are 
formed through age and pressure, and that in this way 
bituminous coal will eventually become anthracite. If so, 
should not the veins which were first struck be bituminous, 
that lower down be semi-bituminous, and the bottom veins 
anthracite? Such is not the case, however; it is all 
anthracite coal in those regions, and no better quality of 
coal is to be found anywhere on earth. The only difference, 

17* 



198 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

coal-dealers say, is that coal from the bottom veins is more 
solid, more compact, through the pressure of the vast 
superincumbent weight. Neither depth nor age changes 
its character, but only its quality ; we must look for another 
explanation of the existence of different varieties of coal. 

Anthracite coal is the product of hard wood, such as 
hickory, oak, ash, beech, walnut, and perhaps species of 
hard wood not known at the present day. Bituminous coal 
is the product of pine and other resinous wood that grew 
anterior to the flood. Semi-bituminous, such as is mined 
at Lyken's, in Lykens Valley, Dauphin County, and at 
Shamokin, is the product of mixed timber, of hard and 
soft varieties. In further proof of this, I may remark that 
I suggested the idea to Mr. Samuel Berkstresser, of Mount 
Carmel, in 1870. ''Yes," said he, "while we were digging 
a well near our house we came on the trunk of a tree, 
with bark attached the same as when growing, which had 
changed into coal." 

In 1878 the author of this work, in company with P. 
Geary and others under Francis Baker, street commis- 
sioner, was working at grading a street in Norristown, when 
at a depth of perhaps fifteen feet, under a soHd red for- 
mation, no doubt of post-diluvian origin, we discovered a 
quantity of coal from a deposit of timber, which was 
taken home by different persons and burned. It had much 
the appearance of anthracite coal. There being but a small 
quantity, of course it was less compact than would have 
been the case with a large bed overlaid by a heavy super- 
incumbent weight. I mention this fact to prove that coal 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 1 99 

may be found in districts where it is unthought of at the 
present day, and that it is unquestionably the result of a 
deposit of timber by the deluge. 

But how came those different layers of coal to lie across 
those valleys and against those mountain-sides ? 

This is the answer. Could you and I have been trans- 
ported to a near planet, or raised in some manner above 
the earth, and have Avatched the waters of the deluge sent 
as messengers of destruction, performing their mission, we 
should have seen a vast sheet of water carrying devastated 
forests on its bosom and depositing them in valleys, and 
perhaps mountains of sand and gravel would be rolled on 
top of the timber by the waves next following. 

Perhaps the next sight to meet our gaze would have 
been millions upon millions of trees promiscuously borne 
along, together with smaller varieties of vegetation, which 
once formed the undergrowth of the forest, very much 
larger than the first. Following in its wake would perhaps 
be an immense quantity of pebbles, which had already been 
worn round, and which once formed the beds of vast lakes 
or rivers, over which coursed the waters of the antediluvian 
period. For weeks, aye, months, did that order of chaos 
continue, forming what are now the strata of coal, which 
is vegetation of conglomerate rock, which are those peb- 
bles that once formed the bed of those primeval rivers 
and carbonate of lime, sometimes mixed with sand and 
smaller vegetation, which now form slate strata as much 
as twenty feet in thickness. Will our geologists claim that 
those animalcula which, as they say, formed all limestone 



200 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

in the bed of the ocean under water, had much to do with 
that formation where it is at present found, especially where 
it is intermixed with sand ? We think not. It cannot be 
argued that inasmuch as the specific gravity of hard wood 
or of mineral substances is greater than that of water, it 
could not have been carried to its present place of deposit 
by the flood. We have substantial evidence to the con- 
trary from what took place in the Johnstown flood, where 
the water carried a steel safe weighing five tons a distance 
of over one-quarter of a mile. 

Nothing could be more instructive to the scientist than 
to visit Mauch Chunk and ascend the surrounding moun- 
tains and study their formation. On the top of Mt. Pisgah 
you will find hundreds of tons of white, flint-like pebbles, 
some lying loose, others crystallized in rocks so solid that 
it would seem impossible to break them by any means 
whatever. I have particularly noticed through the Maha- 
noy basin, and especially near Mahanoy City, railroad 
bridges built with them that look even more solid than 
those constructed of the hardest granite. Specimens of 
these flints I have had in my possession for many years. 

It would also be well worth the while of the scientific 
tourist to go to Nesquehoning, a few miles above Mauch 
Chunk, and gather specimens which have been taken out 
of the mountain at that place. There can be seen an ad- 
mixture of carbon, flint-like substances, pyrites of iron, 
sulphur, etc., in variety sufficient to suit the tastes of the 
most fastidious, and all bearing evidence to a chaotic con- 
dition of nature which must have been brought about by 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 201 

a cataclysm such as Moses speaks of. After visiting Nes- 
quehoning, the tourist should board a train on the Lehigh 
Valley Railroad, crossing the mountains from Mauch 
Chunk in a northerly direction, and following the Lehigh 
River as far as White Haven, from which point he should 
continue on his journey to Wilkesbarre, and there view one 
of the grandest sights Nature has to offer. F'rom the top 
of the mountain, at a point called Sugar Notch, the tourist 
looks down into the beautiful valley of Wyoming from a 
height of thousands of feet, upon the fair city of Wilkes- 
barre, "beautiful for situation, the joy of the whole earth," 
distance lending " enchantment to the view." I have trav- 
elled with horse and wagon from Newport and Nanticoke, at 
the extreme west end of the coal-measures, as far as West 
Pittston, through the Wyoming Valley, past Forty Fort 
and the beautiful monument marking the spot where hordes 
of savages, accompanied by eleven hundred Tories, under 
command of Colonel John Butler, butchered defenceless 
men, women, and children who had taken refuge in the 
fort, in the early part of July, 1778, while the strong men 
of the neighborhood were away doing duty as soldiers at 
a distance from home. 

There is reason to believe that the entire district now 
known as the '' Northern Anthracite Field" was once a lake 
of pure water, such as now flows in the North Branch of 
the Susquehanna River, from the fact that the Susque- 
hanna flows with a rapid current from the north until it 
strikes the Wyoming Valley at West Pittston, about mid- 
way of the coal-fields, between Nanticoke and Carbondale, 



202 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

then turns nearly at right angles and flows with a slow 
current in a westwardly direction until it leaves the valley 
which marks the extent of the coal-fields, after which the 
current is more swift until its confluence with the West 
Branch of the Susquehanna at Northumberland. 

The waters of the flood no doubt came in the same 
direction as that in which the Susquehanna and the small 
streams of the Lackawanna Valley now flow, and deposited 
the debris now found in a crystallized condition through 
those valleys to a depth in many places of nearly one 
thousand feet. Imagine yourself standing at Sugar Notch, 
on the crest of the mountain, and viewing a beautiful sheet 
of clean water, thousands of feet below, with aquatic fowls 
and animals disporting themselves in undisturbed felicity, 
and you will have a faint idea of what this earth would 
have been had not sin entered it. 

Taking the cars at Wilkesbarre and continuing up 
through the Wyoming Valley, thence up the Lackawanna 
Valley, we pass through a number of deep cuts, the sides 
of which present excellent opportunities for geological 
study. In many places can be found cobble-stones, worn 
round by the action of water in the bed of some river, no 
doubt in the head-waters of the Susquehanna prior to the 
deluge, and now firmly embedded in the earth at an un- 
known depth. The area of that prehistoric lake, or coal 
deposit, as it is now, is two hundred square miles, being 
about fifty miles in length and averaging about four miles 
in width. 



THE CREATION AFEIRMED. 203 



CHAPTER XXII. 

Volney's Opinion of Lakes once having existed in the West — Breaking of 
Reservoir above Girard College Grounds. 

Since writing the foregoing article I have been examin- 
ing "American Antiquities." At page 339 I find an article 
in support of what I have written regarding the Wyoming 
Valley having once been a lake. The author of that work, 
and the numerous authorities from whom he quotes, are of 
opinion that the waters of the flood came from the west, 
and consider that the great body of water known as the 
Pacific Ocean had much to do with furnishing the supply 
for the cataclysm of which Moses speaks. 

The article in question is headed " Disappearance of 
many Ancient Lakes of the West, and of the Formation of 
Sea Coal'' (or Bituminous, as it is now called). 

This description of American antiquities is more capti- 
vating than any of the accounts already given, because we 
learn from it that where now dwell millions of mankind, 
with their multifarious works, covering the vales of all our 
rivers, many of which were once the bottoms of immense 
lakes, and where the tops of the tallest forests now tower 
towards the skies, or the spires of innumerable Christian 
temples gladden the heart of civilized man, once sported 



204 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

the lake serpent, and the finny tribes, passing, Hke birds, 
in scaly waves along the horizon. 

We refi'ain fi-om rambling further in this field of fancy, 
which opens before us with such immensity of prospect, to 
give an account of the disappearance of lakes supposed to 
have existed in the West. In doing this, we shall avail 
ourselves of the opinions of several distinguished authors, 
such as Volney, in his Travels in America ; Schoolcraft, in 
his Travels in the central part of the Valley of the Missis- 
sippi ; and Professor Beck, in his Gazetteer of Illinois and 
Missouri, etc. 

We begin with the gifted and classical writer C. F. Vol- 
ney : although we do not subscribe to his notions of the- 
ology, yet as a naturalist we rank him in the highest class, 
and consider his statements and deductions well worthy of 
attention. 

He begins by saying that " in the structure of the moun- 
tains of the United States exists a fact more strikingly 
apparent than in any other part of the world, which must 
singularly have increased the action and varied the move- 
ments of the waters. If we attentively examine the land, 
or even the maps, of this country, we must perceive that 
the principal chains or ridges of the Alleghanies, Blue 
Ridge, etc., all run in a transverse or cross direction to the 
course of all the great rivers, and that these rivers have 
been forced to rupture their mounds or barriers, and break 
through these ridges, in order to make their way to the sea 
from the bosoms of the valleys. 

" This is evident in the Potomac, Susquehanna, Delaware, 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 20 5 

and James Rivers, and others, where they issue from the 
confines of the mountains to enter the lower country." 

The example which most forcibly attracted his attention 
on the spot was that presented by the Potomac, three miles 
below the mouth of the Shenandoah. He was coming 
from Fredericktown, about twenty miles distant, travelling 
from the southeast towards the northwest, through a 
w^ooded country with gentle ascents and descents. After 
he had crossed one ridge, pretty distinctly marked, though 
by no means steep, he began to see before him, eleven or 
twelve miles westward, the chain of the Blue Ridge, re- 
sembling a lofty rampart, covered with forests, and having 
a breach through it from top to bottom. On emerging 
from the w^ood, he had a full view^ of this tremendous 
breach, which he judged to be about three-fourths of a mile 
wade. Through the bottom of this breach ran the Poto- 
mac, leaving on its left a passable bank or slope, and on the 
right washing the foot of the breach. 

The bed of the river at this place is rugged with fixed 
rocks, which are, however, gradually w^earing away. Its 
waters boil and foam through these obstacles, and for a 
distance of two miles form very dangerous falls or rapids. 
The height of the mountains on each side of the river, and 
the existence of the rapids below the gap, and of the nar- 
rows for several miles above the immediate place of rupture, 
constitute sufficient evidence that at this place there was 
originally a mountain dam to the river, and consequently a 
lake above must have been the effect, with falls of the most 
magnificent description, which had thundered in their descent 

i8 



206 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

from the time of Noah's flood till the rupture of the ridge 
took place. 

Volney says that the more he considered this spot and 
its circumstances, the more he was confirmed in the belief 
that formerly the chain of the Blue Ridge, in its entire 
state, completely barred the Potomac's passage onward, 
and that the waters of the upper part of the river, having 
no issue, formed several considerable lakes. 

" But when the great embankment gave way, in conse- 
quence of the weight of the waters above, or through 
attrition, convulsion, or whatever may have been the cause 
of the rupture, the rush of the waters brought from above 
all that stratum of earth now lying on the top of the sub- 
terranean trees above noticed. 

" This must have occurred earlier with the James, Sus- 
quehanna, and Delaware, because their basins are more 
elevated; and it must have happened more recently with 
the Potomac, for the reason that its basin is deepest of 
all. . . . 

'' These ancient lakes explain why in every part of the 
basin of the Ohio the land is always levelled in horizontal 
beds of different heights ; why these beds are placed in 
the order of their specific gravity ; and why we find in 
various places the remains of trees, of osiers, and other 
plants. They also happily account for the immense beds 
of bituminous coal found in the western country, in certain 
situations and particular districts. In fact, from the re- 
searches which the inhabitants have made, it appears that 
the principal seat of coal is above Pittsburgh, in the space 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 20/ 

between the Laurel Mountain and the rivers Alleghany and 
Monongahela, where exists almost throughout a stratum, 
at the average depth of twelve and sixteen feet. 

" Coal is found in several other parts of the United States, 
and always in circumstances analogous to those we have 
just described. In the year 1784, at the mouth of the 
rivulet Laminskicola, which runs into the Muskingum, the 
stratum of coal there took fire, and burnt for a whole year. 
This mine is a part of the mass of which we have been 
speaking ; and almost all the great rivers that run into the 
Ohio .must have added their deposits thereto. 

" The upper branches of the Potomac, above and to the 
left of Fort Cumberland, have been celebrated for some 
years for their strata of coal embedded along the shores, 
so that boats can lie at their banks and load." 

Thus far we have given the views of the great naturalist 
Volney respecting the existence of ancient lakes to the 
west and the formation of the strata of sea-coal (bitumi- 
nous) in those regions. We heartily indorse his views 
in some instances, but in others we beg to differ with 
him. 

That there were lakes at different points occasioned by 
mountain-barriers before the flood, is certain from the large 
amount of pebbles which form the rock known as the 
Millstone Grit, or conglomerate rock, which lies embedded 
between the strata of coal at the present day ; but that 
those mountain-barriers withstood the ravages of a devas- 
tating deluge for over six months, and afterwards were 
broken by some convulsion of Nature, seems incredible. 



208 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

There never was a period in the world's history in which 
an opening could have been forced through them more 
easily, nor a means more potent than the deluge. The 
mountain-barriers were in a comparatively new condition, 
the time being but sixteen hundred and fifty-six years after 
the creation, and the body of water was so immense that 
it would not have been hard to force an opening or open;- 
ings such as Volney speaks of New, unsettled earth is 
more easily moved by water than solid ground after the 
minerals have crystallized. There is scarcely a chain of 
mountains on the face of the earth which is not broken 
here and there by what are called mountain-passes ; and 
we believe that nearly all those passes or breaks were 
occasioned by the flood. 

There is an example of this kind at Harper's Ferry, 
Virginia, where the Potomac River has forced an opening 
and is now running through a mountain-pass. 

There is another example at Port Clinton, in Berks 
County, Pennsylvania, where the Schuylkill River has 
forced its way through the Blue Mountains. 

To illustrate the force of water, I will insert here an 
account of an event which came under my notice in the 
winter of 1848-49. The city of Philadelphia had built a 
reservoir northwest of Girard College, and had filled it 
with water : in a short time the heavy embankment gave 
way; the water rushed out, and, keeping in a depression 
of the ground running southwest, passed through the north 
wall of the college grounds ; then, crossing the grounds, it 
struck the south wall and carried that away also, subse- 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED, 2O9 

quently finding its way to the Schuylkill at the Spring 
Garden Water- Words. 

That was but a miniature and local cataclysm, compared 
with the flood which Moses speaks of; but there is one 
lesson to be learned from it : it is comprehensive in detail. 
But a flood covering the whole earth to the depth of over 
two miles, sent to work the vengeance of God, is incompre- 
hensible. It would not have been wonderful had it swept 
every mountain from the face of the earth, and levelled 
every hill, in place of merely breaking through mountain- 
ranges. Hence, when Volney asserts that the mountain- 
ranges in question withstood the currents of the deluge, 
and that after that period the rivers formed lakes, overflow- 
ing the mountain-tops, with thundering cascades, and that 
at a subsequent period, through some convulsion of nature 
which he seems unable to explain, those mountain-barriers 
were rent asunder and those lakes emptied out, we beg 
leave to differ with him. If such a convulsion of nature 
ever took place, — and we think it did, judging from the 
pebbles which are found in crystallized conglomerate, — it 
certainly occurred at the time of, and was caused by, the 
flood. If those geologists who affect to despise the writings 
of Moses, as found in the book of Genesis, would think of 
these facts, they could not but subscribe to his account of 
the deluge as already given. 



18* 



210 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

Trip over the Catawissa Railroad — Letter from Minister of Japan — Letter from 
Minister Ario of the German Empire — Bituminous Coal — Secret of Burning 
Coal with Economy — Petroleum — Slate Formation — Graphite. 

To obtain further proof of the earth's surface having 
been more uneven prior to the deluge, it is only necessary 
to take the cars at Summit Station, above Quakeake Junc- 
tion, on the Catawissa Railroad, and proceed westward to 
the beautiful town of Catawissa. In making that journey 
you are compelled to travel at least double the amount of 
miles that you would be if you could go by a^ straight 
line, on account of the deep intervening valleys which have 
to be crossed by running along the mountain-side first in a 
westerly direction, thence across trestle-work over the val- 
ley at an altitude of perhaps more than one hundred feet, 
thence in an easterly direction, rising by heavy grade until 
you gain the summit of the mountain, at which point you 
cross, to continue in the same manner until you have passed 
over seven deep valleys, which perhaps are in exactly the 
same condition that they were in prior to the deluge. 
These mountains are at least five hundred feet high in 
many places ; and what seems strange to the tourist is the 
fact that if he travels through this section in an easterly 
direction as far as the Eastern Middle Coal Basin, he will 
find all those valleys filled up and underlaid with coal, and 
everywhere a good level road of sand and gravel around 



THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. 2 1 1 

Audenreid, Honeybrook, Jeansville, etc., so that he would 
not know it to be a mountainous country by its contour or 
present surface. It has all been filled in with debris carried 
hither by the deluge and transformed into the best quality 
of anthracite coal perhaps on earth. 

I have written to many representatives of foreign coun- 
tries, residing at Washington, D.C., and the}/ all say they 
have coal in their respective countries. 

The following is from the Japanese Legation : 

" August 15, 1S91. 

"Sir, — In reply to your letter of the 13th addressed to 
the minister, I have to say that anthracite coal is mined 
in Japan in large quantities, although it is not of the best 
quality. There is a very large output of bituminous coal 
of a very good quality. Petroleum is not produced to any 
amount, and the quality is very poor. 
" Yours respectfully, 

" AiMARO Pats, 

" Secretary of Legation!' 

David Day, Chief of Division of the United States Geo- 
logical Survey, says that anthracite coal is found in South 
Wales, France, Saxony, and Russia. 

" German Legation, Washington, D.C. 
" Dear Sir, — In reply to your inquiry, we have anthra- 
cite coal in Prussia, but to what extent I cannot say. 

" Yours respectfully, 
" Ario, 
" Minister of the German Empire^ 



212 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

I might add much more testimony of a similar nature, 
but think it unnecessary. What I have cited is sufficient 
proof that the flood extended over the whole earth, because 
the same results have been produced everywhere. 

Much has been said by geologists in formulating a 
theory to suit their views ; but the following brief extract 
I glean from the "Antiquities of America," page 355: 

" It is said by those who have examined the immense coal- 
bed at Pittsburgh, that the very kind of trees of which coal 
was formed can be distinguished, as the beech, the maple, 
the birch, the ash, etc., lying in all directions through the 
whole stratum of the coal region." 

Bituminous coal is the product of pine and ^ other soft, 
light, resinous woods. To follow up the different kinds or 
qualities of coal would be as difficult as to name all the 
different kinds of timber that are now growing, or that 
grew prior to the deluge; It is enough to say that coal 
is found of different varieties in every country on the globe. 
I at one time had a half-interest in a tract of land in Gil- 
more County, West Virginia, on which there is a hght vein 
of cannel coal cropping out. The coal is of the appear- 
ance of slate, and when you hold it in your hand it can 
be lighted with a match, the same as punk : it is of a dark 
slate color, and can be ignited in a grate without any 
kindling being used. 

E. K. Orkney, mechanical engineer, says, " The State of 
Texas has a large -stratum of lignite coal, or brown coal, 
from the Rio Grande to the Red River, cropping out on 
the surface in many counties. This much-despised brown 



THE CREA TION AFFIRMED. 2 1 3 

coal will do in many cases, if not all, for fuel, as well as 
black coal, — viz., for steam, household, and blast furnaces, — 
when mixed with charcoal, gas, etc." 

Mr. F. L. Yoakum says, " I have analyzed thousands of 
specimens of our lignites in the last forty-five years, and 
find the ax'erage, as a mass, to consist in — volatile matter 
one-half, or fifty per cent., carbon one-fourth, or twenty- 
five per cent., incombustible, or ash, one-fourth, or twenty- 
five per cent. Sulphur and phosphorus are found in 
traces." 

From the foregoing analysis it appears that but one- 
fourth of its component parts is of any use as fuel. Mr. 
Yoakum does not say what the volatile portion consists of; 
we think that it is probably gas, but it is not clear that it 
is hydrogen gas. The remaining portion being ash, and 
the coal being known as brown coal, we infer that there is 
a large amount of red shale mixed with the wood or timber 
that has crystallized with it, thus forming what is known 
as brown coal. 

I will mention one other deposit of bituminous coal 
which I have seen, and will then dismiss the subject for 
the present. In 1865 I visited a point in West Virginia on 
the south branch of the Hughes River, in Ritchie County, 
near the mouth of Indian Creek, and, in company with 
other prospectors, examined a vein of coal which is no less 
astonishing in the manner of its deposition than it is in 
its quality. 

The deposit is formed at the top of a mountain perhaps 
four hundred feet in height, between two rocks of a yellow, 



214 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

sand-like texture, which stand apart from each other a 
distance of perhaps three and a half feet. The rocks are 
vertical, and appear to stand nearly as plumb as the walls 
of a house. The space between these rocks had a deposit 
of coal surpassing in quality anything I had ever previously 
seen : it is said to resemble the famous Albert Coal of 
Nova Scotia. It is extremely rich in oil : some of those 
present at the examination of the deposit said that they 
could express ninety per cent, of oil out of it, leaving only 
ten per cent, of solid substance, or refuse matter. 

The question may be asked, how do we know that an- 
thracite coal is the product of hard wood, and that bitu- 
minous is the product of soft, resinous wood?^ 

The answer is, by the ashes left by the coal after its 
combustion. A good quality of anthracite coal will pro- 
duce a quantity of pure white ashes, like the ashes of 
hickory wood; an inferior grade of anthracite coal will 
produce more ashes than the first, and these will be of a 
red color, on account of red shale having been intermixed 
with the coal by the waters at the time of its deposit. If 
you will wash your ashes when you are burning red ash 
coal, and take a small portion of these ashes between your 
thumb and finger, you will observe the presence of an 
unctuous substance : this is red clay which was deposited 
with the timber at the time of the flood. 

But how do we know that bituminous coal is the product 
of soft, resinous wood ? The answer is, by the amount of 
ashes produced, and by the gas and odor arising from the 
coal while it is burning. A relatively small amount of 



THE CREATION AFEIRMED. 215 

ashes is produced by burning soft coal, and that is of very 
light weight. The same result is obtained in the burning 
of pine wood. The specific gravity of bituminous coal and 
that of pine wood are each less than that of anthracite coal 
and of hard wood. 

I will now set forth a secret which I noticed that the 
President of the Cincinnati Gas Company also set forth 
some months ago, but I think his investigations concerned 
rather the manner of manufacturing the furnaces and ranges 
than the preparation of the coal for consumption. He says 
that a great saving in fuel-energy can be effected by the 
proper use of coal, and that he thinks that fifty per cent, 
of coal is wasted. 

I will say, first have a chimney of dimensions sufficient 
to insure a good draught, then have your stove, range, or 
heater arranged with flues to insure a good draught also. 
Be careful to keep them clean. Have a good clean fire 
every morning. After the fire is started, make your coal 
damp, but not zuet, and put it on the fire ; when it has 
thoroughly caught, cook breakfast; then get pea coal, 
dampen it, as before, and spread it evenly over the fire ; 
turn the damper up, so as to shut off the draught, and 
keep the stove or range closed, at the top, so that the gas 
that has been generated by the moisture in the coal shall 
be consumed. By following the above rules, a saving of 
one-third of the amount of coal ordinarily consumed can 
be effected every year. 

The first artificial oil-well was sunk in August, 1859, 
since which time the petroleum product has increased until 



2l6 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

now it ranks third in aggregate value of the exports of the 
United States. 

It is by no means difficult to determine its source, in 
view of the fact that the simple act of expressing the richest 
bituminous coal will produce ninety per cent, of kerosene 
oil for illuminating purposes. That cannot be considered 
a fair average, however ; but a reasonable average would 
perhaps be forty per cent, of all the bituminous coal in the 
earth. 

One reason for the richness of the coal on the Hughes 
River may be that the vein is vertical : you can wheel a 
barrow on top of it; the rock stands vertically on each 
side, no rock either over or under you ; and the vein is 
near the top of the mountain, with little pressure on it, 
beyond its own weight, and that of a small quantity of 
earth covering it ; whereas all other veins that I have seen 
lie either horizontally or at an angle of inclination with a 
massive pressure on the top, of perhaps five hundred feet 
or more of rock and earth, just as it happened to adjust 
itself at the time of deposit. All beds of coal under a 
superincumbent pressure become more solid, the liquid por- 
tion being pressed out; but bituminous coal is not thereby 
changed to anthracite, any more than the skin of a colored 
man is changed to that of a white man by residence in the 
same latitude : each kind of coal has its place, and each is 
useful. 

The minister of Japan informs me that both kinds of 
coal are found in Japan, and also petroleum, but that the 
quality is not of the best. Russia has petroleum ; in fact, 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 21/ 

it is probable that every country where soft coal is found 
has an abundance of petroleum, if it could but be dis- 
covered. Additional proof that petroleum is the liquid 
portion of bituminous coal is found in the fact that hydro- 
gen gas for street-lighting is obtained from this species of 
coal, and that the same thing can be done with petro- 
leum. 

Judging from the vast growth of resinous timber in 
Georgia and the Carolinas, one may suppose that future 
investigations will develop large quantities of petroleum in 
those States, if the present growth of timber is an index 
of what grew there in antediluvian days ; and we think it 
it ; because pine of the quality known as Georgia pine never 
grew in Pennsylvania. 

We have a variety of yellow pine in parts of Pennsyl- 
vania and New Jersey, but nothing to equal the Georgia 
and other southern pine in richness of resinous substances. 

Here, too, is a vast provision of Nature to furnish light 
for every hamlet on earth, as well as coal to warm and 
cheer the fireside, which God beneficently provided for the 
posterity of Noah. The natural gas now so abundant in 
the earth is the hydrogen, driven out of bituminous coal 
by pressure. 

The tourist in journeying up the Lehigh River will at 
once perceive a change in the rock formation as he ap- 
proaches the coal regions. On the south side, or the left 
side as he journeys up the river, lies a lovely, fertile valley, 
through which flows a small stream known as Jordan 

Creek. That valley contains immense deposits of lime- 
K 19 



21 8 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

stone, which through sundry manipulations is made into 
cement, at a village called Coplay. 

Farther up the river is a town known as Slatington, so 
called on account of the vast deposits of slate occurring at 
that point. I have been in two slate-quarries there, each 
of which yields excellent slate, from which mantels and 
other articles of use and ornament are manufactured. The 
peculiar color of the slate is due to the fact of vegetation 
of a light or smaller form finding its way to this point and 
depositing itself with the limestone, the base of all slate, 
and crystallizing into its present condition, the sulphur 
present changing its original green to its present pale black 
hue. This foreign deposit of vegetation with the limestone 
has imparted to the slate the peculiar cleavage, or quality 
of splitting, which it possesses. 

That slate formation marks the point where the tourist 
is just entering the coal regions. Previous to the opening 
and working of American slate quarries, slates were gener- 
ally imported from Wales. The Welsh slates are of a 
brown shade, there being a sufficient admixture with car- 
bon to vary the hue between brown and slate color. The 
slates covering the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia 
were brought from Wales. 

Green slates are quarried in New England : these when 
put on a roof with other slates form a very pleasing con- 
trast. The green color is produced by the chlorophyll 
which was in the vegetation when it was deposited with the 
limestone, and which, in the absence of sulphur, has re- 
tained its shade. The w^oody fibrous portion of the vegeta- 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 219 

tion has prevented solid crystallization of the limestone, 
whence its cleavage. 

There are also red slates, ranging from a light to a dark 
shade, all variegated by the waters of the flood depositing 
foreign substances with the limestone. The red is the 
formation of waters deeply colored by red shale, and crys- 
tallizing with the carbonate of lime, in the absence of sul- 
phur, it has retained its original color. It is well known 
that red shale formation is full of dividing seams, and of 
course when mixed with limestone this peculiarity still 
characterizes it. 

This mineral is known under three heads, — black lead, 
graphite, and plumbago. 

Plumbago, strictly speaking, is a chemical union of car- 
bon and iron, in the proportion of ninety-one parts of car- 
bon to nine parts of iron; but the black lead sold in shops 
is a mixture of charcoal and iron-filings. Graphite was 
formerly imported from Ceylon, Germany, England, and 
other places. The purest graphite comes from Ceylon. 
It was discovered in this country about fifteen years ago, in 
Chester County, near Chester Springs, in large quantities, 
on several tracts of land on the south side of the head- 
waters of Pickering Creek, and, strange to say, on the north 
side of those waters are found large deposits of iron ore. 
It would seem that the waters of the flood deposited tim- 
ber on the south side of the valley, while iron-ore, being of 
greater specific gravity, found a resting-place on the north 
side of the creek, and by a slow process of nature, corro- 
sion took place through water coming in contact with the 



220 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

iron-ore which was deposited in the ground, and a union 
was formed with the coal or carbon deposited as above de- 
scribed, the result being the graphite which is now being 
mined. 

Often in my boyhood days did I take delight in viewing 
the iron rust rising in the water at Yellow Springs, — so 
named from the color of the water, — or, as the place is 
often called, Chester Springs, where once the elite of fashion 
congregated to while away the summer months. A more 
pleasant place than it was then could scarcely be found, 
its attractions rivalling those of Bedford Springs, Saratoga^ 
Newport, and even Cape May. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 221 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

Iron-ore — Marl — Deposits in New Jersey — The Remains of a Sea-serpent 
found in a Marl Bed near " Mullica Hill." 

Iron-ore is a mineral, or, to use a more accurate term, a 
metallic substance, and is subject to the action of water, 
much the same as limestone is, with this exception, that 
when the salts of lime combine with water they impart a 
crystal clearness to it, whereas the oxide of iron gives a 
yellow color to the water ; but both mineral substances are 
carried from place to place by the action of water. At 
present the process is so slow and gradual that it can 
scarcely be noticed ; but at the time of the flood large 
deposits were carried by the angry waters and deposited 
with the drift in every conceivable position. 

We are satisfied that the Pickering Valley and many 
other places received their deposits from parent beds of 
ore, because it is found deposited only in *' nests," — and not 
in veins. Such is also the case in the coal regions, where it 
is deposited at places with stratified conglomerate rock, in 
nodules, or small lumps, showing that it had been washed 
from a parent bed, or locality where the Creator had at first 
placed it, similar to a vast deposit or mountain such as is 
seen at Cornwall, in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, or at 

19-^ 



222 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

Pilot Knob and Iron Mountain in Missouri. No doubt 
many other metals are at the present day undergoing the 
same process of corrosion and erosion by the action of 
water. 

Marl is a formation which I have never seen, and hence 
in speaking of it must be guided entirely by the observa- 
tion of others. On page 50 of Professor Steele's work I 
find it noticed as " a mixture of clay and carbonate of lime. 
It is loose, friable, and generally full of small shells. It is 
valuable as a fertilizer." 

We can deduct nothing from the foregoing description to 
enlighten us as to its fertilizing properties. The professor 
says it is " a mixture of clay and carbonate of lime." We 
know exactly how valueless clay is as a fertilizer, but we do 
not know just how valuable carbonate of lime would be, 
without first putting it in a kiln and changing it by the 
action of carbonic-gas generated by heat. 

Those small shells we think might also be improved as a 
fertilizer if put in a kiln, the same as oyster-shells are, and 
subjected to heat so as to drive the carbonic-acid gas out 
of them, just as is done with the limestone, or carbonate of 
lime, so named because crystallization has not taken place. 

Not being satisfied with what I read in Professor Steele's 
work, I wrote to a friend in New Jersey, and here is his 
reply : 

"Clayton, N. J., 8th mo. 6tli, '91. 

" Dear Sir, — Yours of the 4th is received and noted. I 
am sorry to say that I am not an authority on marls, and 
consequently am not competent to give you a scientific 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 223 

account of them. The best authority I know of is Profes- 
sor Cook, State Geologist of New Jersey. He has given 
the subject of marls a great deal of study, and published 
several accounts of their formation and analysis. By con- 
sulting some of his reports I think you could get the 
information you desire. 

" My personal knowledge is limited to a small territory, 
and to their use as a fertilizer. The vein of marl in the 
southern section of the State runs in a northeast and 
southwest direction, through Salem, Gloucester, Camden, 
and Burlington Counties, and is supposed to have been the 
bed of some prehistoric river. The under-stratum of marl 
is usually darker in color, and is known as chocolate marl : 
the dark color no doubt is caused by mud or sediment. 
The greensand marl, that most valuable as a fertilizer, is 
found beneath an overlay of earth varying in thickness 
from two or three feet to such depth as to render its 
excavation impracticable. 

" The origin of marl, or what it was before it became 
marl, of course I can only conjecture. 

" I believe it to be a substance composed mainly of 
river bottom or mud with the remains of animal and vege- 
table matter. There are no pebbles or rocks found in it 
unless washed there. Such substances as bones, and teeth 
supposed to be sharks' teeth, are frequently found. I have 
seen large joints and sections of the vertebrae in a good 
state of preservation, also marine shells in great abundance. 
In some places shells resembling oyster-shells are two and 
three feet in thickness, so compact that they have to be 



224 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

broken down with a pick or bar. These shells are as per- 
fect in form as they ever were, 

" There are several instances where the remains of pre- 
historic animals have been taken out entire and set up for 
exhibition. I think you can see one or two such specimens 
in the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. 

" I know of a specimen taken from a marl bed near 
Mullica Hill a few years ago that resembled the remains of 
a huge serpent, the head of which measured three feet 
across. The entire length was supposed to have been 
about sixty feet. Professor Morse, of Yale, obtained it, 
and I believe had it set up in the laboratory of the college. 

" Most of the remains seem to have been those of marine 
animals ; though no doubt some belonged to the land, as 
the behemoth and the giant kangaroo. 

" I have no analysis at hand, or I would send it to you. 
But there are potash, lime, silica, and various salts found in 
it, that make it a valuable fertilizer where it is convenient 
and can be obtained at a reasonable cost. 

" Yours truly, 

" Frank Iszard," 

My informant states that he is not an authority on marls ; 
nevertheless, his letter explains some points of interest to 
the geologist. He says, " The greensand marl, that most 
valuable as a fertilizer, is found beneath an overlay of earth 
varying in thickness from two or three feet to such depth as 
to render its excavation impracticable." The presence in 
the marl of sharks' teeth, oyster-shells in great abundance, 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 225 

the fossilized remains of the oft-heard-of " sea-serpent," — 
the head of which was three feet across and its entire length 
sixty feet, — as well as of marine and land animals, intermixed 
with potash, lime (from the oyster-shells), silica, and various 
kinds of salts, goes to prove that they were deposited there 
by the increased tides occasioned by the flood. We can- 
not imagine that a serpent sixty feet in length could be 
caught and left buried there, high and dry above the ocean 
bed. Such a monster of the deep would find a resting- 
place in its native element when death should end its career. 
The shells and remains of marine animals, as well as the 
silica and salts of various kinds, are all the product of the 
ocean. And who can deny that the greensand, which is 
so celebrated for its fertilizing properties, is the result of 
the intermixture of sand with very large quantities of grass, 
such as now covers the " marshes and meadows" which you 
pass while journeying to Atlantic City? The saline con- 
stituents of the grass would add fertility to the mixture, 
and the green color would be imparted by the coloring 
substance in the grass known as chlorophyll, which, being 
buried under a covering of earth, and thus protected from 
the influence of the sun, has retained its original color. 
We know that the tides to-day come up the Delaware 
River and that they have always done so since the creation. 
Moses tells us that the waters covered the earth, so that 
the tops of the mountains were covered ; what then could 
we expect but that the tide would cast out all living from 
the ocean ? for God said, " I will destroy all living ;" and 
in proof of this, we find marine remains at this day in 
P 



226 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

places where their presence would be hard to account for 
on any other hypothesis than that of the flood. In fact, 
the entire deposit of sand for which New Jersey is noted, 
and which forms its soil in the level portions of the State, 
was deposited there from the depths of the ocean during 
the increased tides of the flood. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 22/ 



CHAPTER XXV. 

The Enchanted Mountain of Tennessee — Large Tracks of Human Beings 
and Horses in the Rocks — Tracks in Limestone Rock along the Missis- 
sippi and St. Louis. 

Before closing my work I will advance additional testi- 
mony as to the deluge which cannot be gainsaid. 

In "American Antiquities," page 156, I find the follow- 
ing : " Among the subjects of antiquity which are abundant 
on the American continent we give the following from 
' Morse's Universal Geography,' which in point of mysteri- 
ousness is not surpassed perhaps on the globe. 

" In the State of Tennessee, on a certain mountain, called 
the Enchanted Mountain, situated a few miles south of 
Braystown, which is at the head-waters of the Tennessee 
River, are found impressed in the surface of the solid rock 
a great number of tracks, as turkeys, bears, horses, and 
human beings ; as perfect as they could be made on snow 
or sand. The human tracks are remarkable for having uni- 
formly six toes each, like the ' Anikim' of Scripture, — one 
only excepted, which appears to be the print of a negro's 
foot. 

" One, among those tracks, is distinguished from the rest 
by its monstrousness, being of no less dimensions than six- 



228 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

teen inches in length, across the toes thirteen inches, behind 
the toes, where the foot narrows towards the instep, seven 
inches, and the heel-ball five inches. One also among the 
tracks of the animals is distinguished for its great size : it 
is the track of a horse, measuring eight by ten inches, — 
nearly the size of a half-bushel measure, and perhaps the 
horse which the great warrior led when passing this moun- 
tain with his army. 

" That these are the real tracks of the animals they rep- 
resent appears from the circumstance of this horse's foot 
having slipped several inches and recovered again ; the 
figures have all the same direction, like the trail of a com- 
pany on a journey. Not far from this spot are vast heaps 
of stones, which are the supposed tombs of warriors slain 
in the very battle this big-footed warrior was engaged in 
at a period when these mountains, which give rise to some 
branches of the Tugaloo, Appalachicola, and Hiawassee 
Rivers, were in a state of soft and clayey texture. 

" On this range, according to Mexican tradition, was the 
holy mountain, temple and Cave of Olaini, where was also 
a city and the seat of their empire, more ancient than that 
of Mexico. To reduce that city, perhaps, was the object 
of the great warrior whose track with that of his horse and 
company still appears. 

" At the period when this troop passed the summit of 
this mountain, the rock was in a soft and yielding state; 
time, therefore, sufficient for it to harden to its present rock 
consistency, is the argument of the great distance of time 
elapsed since they went over it. 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 229 

" It is probable that the whole of these mountains out 
of which arise the branches of the rivers above alluded to 
were, at the time when the deluge subsided, but a vast 
body of clay; for even now the surface, where it is not 
exposed to the rays of the sun, is of a soft texture, capable 
of being cut with a knife, and appears to be of the nature 
of the pipe-stone. 

'' But these mysterious traces found on the mountain in 
Tennessee are not the only impressions of the kind. Mr. 
Schoolcraft, in his travels in the central parts of the Missis- 
sippi regions, informs us that on the limestone strata of rock 
which form the shores of the Mississippi and along the 
neighborhood of St. Louis were found tracks of the human 
foot, deeply and perfectly impressed in the solid stone. 
But two traces of this sort have been as yet discovered. 

" The impressions in the stone are, to all appearances, 
those of a man standing in an erect posture, with the left 
foot a little advanced, and the heels drawn in. The dis- 
tance between the heels, by accurate measurement, is six 
inches and a quarter, and between the extremities of the 
toes, thirteen and a half The length of these tracks is ten 
and a quarter inches, across the toes four and a half, as 
spread out, and but two and a half at the heel. 

" Directly before the prints of these feet, within a few 
inches, is a well-impressed and deep mark having some 
resemblance to a scroll or roll of parchment, two feet long, 
by a foot in width. Mr. Schoolcraft is of the opinion that 
these impressions were made when the rocks were in a 
plastic or soft state, because the impressions are strikingly 

20 



230 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

natural, exhibiting even the muscular marks of the foot with 
great precision and faithfulness to nature. 

" But why there are no others going to and from these is 
unaccountable, unless we may suppose the rest of this rock 
at that time was buried by earth, grass, or some kind of 
covering," ' 

We think, however, that but few human beings inhabited 
the earth at that period of its existence, and that the visits 
to such points must have been few and far between. 

My reason for inserting this article at length is to empha- 
size the fact that *' footprints" are found on the top of the 
limestone rock. Our modern geologists assert that " all 
limestone has been formed at the bottom of the sea, by 
animalcula depositing the sedimentary substance in the 
water, they having the power to extract such substance 
from the water." 

In conclusion, I will say that the Old and the New Testa- 
ments should at all times be considered the word of God, — 
the first being prophetic, and the second a fulfilment of the 
first, — by every grade of mankind, whether they stand at 
the base or at the pinnacle of society, and that when any 
one attempts to alter its literal rendering he is helping 
to destroy its intended influence and assisting in moulding 
the destiny of mankind, so that they will not feel morally 
bound to treat the Scriptures in any other manner than as a 
book of human origin. 

I refer here particularly to that portion of Professor 
Steele's work where he says (page 19), — 

" The Mosaic account of the creation informs us that ' the 



THE CREATION AFFIRMED. 23 1 

earth was at first without form and void, and darkness was 
upon the face of the deep.' With the first motion of nebu- 
lous matter, light was developed, or, in the nervous language 
of Scripture, ' God said, Let there be light.' Thus ended 
the work of the first day." He adds that " the word ' day' 
is of coui'se considered not as a literal day, but as symboHcal 
of a long period of time — ages — during which God was 
fitting this earth as a home for man. The idea of exact 
days of twenty-four hours each is neither required by the 
original nor by the scope of the narration." 

In our opinion, if Moses — who got his knowledge from 
God himself, and was at the time rendering the words of 
Him who created all things — understood the meaning of 
the word day, when he said, " The evening and the morn- 
ing were the first day," it is somewhat presumptuous on the 
part of our scientists to put a different construction on it, 
asserting that the Scriptures were written in a nervous 
manner, and that different constructions are necessary to 
suit the fancies of the educators of the present time. 

I will here add that wherever the interior of the earth 
has been exposed to view by the operations of miners, 
engineers, and quarrymen, or even by deep railroad cuts, 
the rocks and other mineral substances present the appear- 
ance of having been originally in a plastic condition, and 
show joints and seams through them, caused by the shrink- 
age which has occurred during the process of crystalliza- 
tion, whether they are granite or quartz rock, of antedi- 
luvian formation, or limestone, greenstone, sandstone, or 
any other kind of stone of post-diluvian formation. 



232 THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF 

In a deep railroad cut in the Wyoming Valley, below 
Scranton, on each side can be seen cobble-stones, such as 
are used for street-paving, intermixed with earth, proving 
clearly that they were deposited there by a cataclysm such 
as Moses describes, which destroyed all living, except the 
chosen few which were saved in the ark. 



APPENDIX. 



'' RINGING ROCKS" 

AN EXAMPLE FOR STUDY BY THE GEOLOGIST, PALAEONTOLO- 
GIST, AND SCIENTIST. 

About four miles northeast of Pottstown, Montgomery 
County, Pennsylvania, can be found one of the greatest 
curiosities which man can view. Our grand old Common- 
wealth should at once make an appropriation, through the 
board of education, to assist in building a railroad from 
Pottstown to " Ringing Rocks," so that easy access might 
be afforded to those who deHght in the investigation of 
paleology as well as the tourist for pleasure. 

Our best instructors are those who analyze and simplify 
our studies. Moses, in narrating the account of the crea- 
tion of the first day, simply says that " God said. Let there 
be light, and there was light," deferring it until the fourth 
day to tell us from whence it came. 

In order to make the matter plain and comprehensive, 
I will analyze the subject and reason from facts. 

Our geologists teach that the earth was in an igneous 
condition for a long period of time, during which it reflected 
its light to other planets, which period they term the Azoic, 

20* 233 



234 APPENDIX. 

meaning without life. Their next period they term the 
Silurian, from the ancient Silurians of England, when the 
lowest order of Hfe came into existence, and if they con- 
tinue to add to their visionary science, it will be a liberal 
education for one man to be able to comprehend one-half 
they teach. 

THREE PERIODS OF TIME. 

I can only comprehend three periods of time, — the Ante- 
diluvian, Diluvian, and Post-diluvian periods, or, in more 
plain language, before, during, and after the flood. 

TOPOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTRY. 

The topography of the country round about " Ringing 
Rocks" proves that '' the mountains were brought forth" (not 
created) by the firmament on the second day by pressure, 
as already described on page 24, as explained in the crea- 
tion of the second day when the firmament was created, 
from the fact of that range of hills known as ringing hills, 
where " Ringing Rocks" form a prominent feature, being 
entirely composed of granite, which form their interior, 
while the Schuylkill Valley is composed of clay and loam 
principally. 

TRAP-ROCK. 

On ascending the hill on the southeast side, large quanti- 
ties of trap-rock are found, which oozed out of the hillside 
while in a melted condition over four thousand years ago, 
while that portion of Ringing Hills was transformed into 
a subterranean cauldron, which no doubt ignited through 
spontaneous combustion from immense quantities of sul- 



APPEAWIX. 235 

phur and phosphorus which composed a portion of its 
interior. 

MY LAST VISIT 

to "Ringing Rocks" was made November 28, 1891, in 
company with Professor Bolger and two other gentlemen, 
for the purpose of securing a small portion of those foot- 
marked rocks for scientific purposes. Continuing our jour- 
ney farther up the hillside, we came to a small stream of 
water containing large quantities of sulphur in solution, 
evidently issuing from the interior of the hill. A short 
distance beyond brought us to our destination. 

There our eyes rested on a chaotic mass of blue granite 
boulders, covering perhaps two acres of ground, to which 
the pen of the ablest writer will fail to do justice, and which 
the imagination of man is entirely too feeble to compre- 
hend, standing as we were between two epochs of time. 

Those rocks are plainly marked by the footprints of 
men and animals, which must have been made when the 
rocks were in a soft, plastic condition, readily yielding to 
the weight of such beasts as trod on their surface. Think 
of it! ''A new heaven and a new earth," with those foot- 
prints firmly fixed in those rocks when they were yet new 
and soft, as mementos of God's creation, so that " he that 
runs may read," be he ever so illiterate and incomprehen- 
sive. The man who can stand there and view that sight 
without it arousing his dormant spirit might well seek to 
try to establish a theory contrary to Scriptural reasoning. 
No wonder Professor Steele quotes St. Augustine as naming 
those days " ineffable days," — that is, unutterable, not to 



236 APPENDIX. 

be expressed. He wished to speak of them in the super- 
lative degree, and not as Professor Steele would have us 
believe he meant. 

HOW CAME THOSE FOOTPRINTS 

in those rocks in their present chaotic condition ? My 
answer is that, when animals walked over them before the 
flood, they presented a level surface like a floor, and per- 
haps the present chaotic mass extended in a soHd, unbroken 
body to a depth of fifty feet or more. Rocks which have 
formed since the flood, known as post-diluvian formation, 
composed of sand and carbonate of lime, are frequently 
marked with the footprints of animals of ordinary size as 
well as the tracks of large fowls. But granite of ante- 
diluvian formation marked with the footprints of masto- 
dons, horses, and smaller animals, such as those of " Ring- 
ing Rocks," is very rare, and to my knowledge without an 
equal in the science of geology to-day. 

WHAT CAUSED THEIR DISRUPTION ? 

There can be but one solution to that matter. While 
our workmen were engaged reducing the size of the rock 
we had selected, the keen scent of Professor Bolger detected 
a sulphurous odor rising with each blow of the sledge- 
hammer as each fragment fell from its parent formation, 
thereby establishing the fact that sulphur at one time 
formed a large portion of the underlying strata, and that 
its combination with phosphorus in its new and freshly 
created condition caused spontaneous combustion, which 



APPENDIX, 237 

no doubt continued for hundreds of years, drying the over- 
lying mass of embryotic granite. In support of this reason- 
ing, I find the weight of ordinary granite given at one 
hundred and sixty-five pounds per cubic foot, while these 
granite boulders comprising " Ringing Rocks" are more 
compact and weigh one hundred and seventy-three pounds 
per cubic foot, and the drying process to which they were 
subjected rendered them so compact and hard that it is 
difficult to get a tool to cut them. It is known by brick- 
makers that bricks that come in contact with the fire of 
the brick-kiln become more hard than those a distance from 
the fire. This slow-drying process has hardened those rocks 
and imparted that ringing sound. 

That state of combustion continued in the interior of the 
hill until the waters of the flood rose and penetrated it, 
thereby coming in contact with the fire, which caused a 
series of explosions in quick succession, as the surface now 
indicates, which might only be equalled by the discharge 
of hundreds of tons of gunpowder, which no doubt caused 
that which was then melted in the interior of the hill to be 
forced out, which we now find against the hill-side and 
term trap-rock. 

WHAT CAUSED THE EXPLOSION ? 

Scientifically speaking, water is composed of two gases, 
oxygen eight parts, and- hydrogen one part. While in a 
liquid condition those gases remain in a latent state, but 
when superheated they become aroused and change from a 
liquid to a gaseous condition, and hydrogen gas being 



238 APPENDIX. 

hip-hly explosive, requiring many thousand times more 
space, had the effect to rend those rocks asunder. 

HOW CAME THOSE ANIMALS THERE, HAVING BEEN ORIGI- 
NATED IN ASIA, A DISTANCE DUE EAST OF PERHAPS 
OVER SEVEN THOUSAND MILES? 

My answer is that they migrated there over the then 
existing isthmus, known as the Isle of Atlantis, which con- 
nected the eastern and western continents together. It 
would have required them to migrate only about seven miles 
per year, to have brought them here, allowing the world to 
have been created one thousand years when those foot- 
prints were made. They would then have had over six 
hundred years to " increase and multiply" before the cata- 
clysm was sent for their destruction ; and here let me 
remark that with the commencement of that migration 
westward a continued migration was inaugurated that has 
been kept up and is continuing ever since. After the de- 
struction of " all living," those that were saved in the Ark 
disembarked near the plains of Ararat, and again travelled 
westward over the same isthmus to repeople the western 
continent; and about two thousand three hundred and 
forty-four years after the flood we find the " Wise Men of 
the East," — namely, Casper the Athenian, Melchior the 
Hindoo, and Balthasar the Egyptian, — with their attend- 
ants, journeying westward towards Bethlehem to adore the 
infant Saviour ; and about two thousand seven hundred years 
after that isthmus had sunk and was lost, thereby severing 
connection between the two continents, we find Christo- 



APPENDIX. 239 

pher Columbus cherishing the idea that there was a conti- 
nent due west, which he struggled hard to discover, so that 
unborn generations might be profited thereby. 

WHAT BECAME OF THOSE ANIMALS THE FOOTPRINTS OF 
WHICH YET REMAIN IN THOSE ROCKS ? 

In Genesis, Chapter VL, verse 7, " He said, I will destroy 
man, whom I have created, fi-om the face of the earth, from 
man even to beasts, from the creeping thing even to the 
fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made 
them." 

We owe a debt of gratitude to the late Charles M. 
Wheatley and Professor E. D. Cope for their investigations 
and classification of the fossils found in the Port Kennedy 
bone cave which was discovered about thirteen miles east 
of south down the Schuylkill River below " Ringing 
Rocks," those mastodon remains and the fossil remains of 
other animals agreeing exactly with the footprints left in 
those rocks. I will not say that the bones found there were 
the bones of those animals that left their footprints in those 
rocks, but I do say that many of them were of like species. 
Doubtless the entire Schuylkill Valley was heavily covered 
with timber and grass, thus affording them a pleasant re- 
treat, and when the flood came to cause their destruction, 
they were caught and covered up by that carbonate of lime 
and other drift material in which they were found. 

THE HORSE 

is said to be a native of Arabia, which joins Persia and the 
Persian Gulf on the west. If, however, the creation took 



240 • APPENDIX. 

place in Asia, and, from cur best information, in Persia, 
which is a part of Asia, then the claim of Arabia to the 
production of the horse is erroneous. 

The fact that Arabia is in close proximity to Persia 
would lead us to believe that animals as well as man spread 
over Arabia before they migrated to America. But " Ring- 
ing Rocks" bear many hoofprints of horses varying from 
five to nine inches across, having raised surfaces fitting ex- 
actly to the concavity of the hoof, as well as the footprints 
of man, who may have brought the horse with him anterior 
to the Deluge. Truly the foregoing is a study for the 
science of Paleology. 



PROBABLE SOURCE OF LIMESTONE. 

I have before spoken of the probable source of lime- 
stone, and prolonged reflection strengthens my belief as to 
its source. We see large deposits of it in valleys on vari- 
ous parts of the earth, thus proving that before the flood 
the surface of the earth was much more uneven than it is 
now. We can trace the formation of granite, quartz, and 
some kinds of sand-rock which crystallized before the 
flood, by outcroppings, but not limestone, which strengthens 
my belief that it was an important element in the interior 
of the earth prior to the flood, and that it came to the sur- 
face when " the fountains of the great deep were broken 
up" in its plastic condition. We find granite, quartz, and 
sandstone of the first formation worn round by water pass- 



APPENDIX. 241 

ing over them, which proves that they were of antediluvian 
origin ; but Hmestone of hke formation cannot be found 
anywhere, and why shall we reason otherwise ? The earth 
was yet new when the deluge took place; its interior was 
not crystallized, as it is at present ; it had been created only 
sixteen hundred and fifty-six years, which was but a short 
time compared with the earth's age to-day. 

I can trace the outcropping water-worn granite boulders 
through Chester, Montgomery, and Bucks Counties, Penn- 
sylvania, and follow their disintegrated particles of sand, 
which have been carried down the Schuylkill River a dis- 
tance of nearly forty miles, to a point known as " Flat 
Rock," which is formed of that material, near Manayunk, 
and find it deposited in layers now crystallized as hard as 
granite itself. I have also found large quantities of quartz 
or flint-rock, so called, deposited through the anthracite 
coal-fields, which were worn round during the antediluvian 
period, and are now crystallized into what is known as 
" conglomerate." I can trace the origin of coal to vast de- 
posits of timber during the flood, which has been wisely 
deposited for our use; but the origin of Hmestone, which 
is found almost everywhere distributed over the earth, is in 
itself a mystery. That it is an overlying deposit is proved 
by those fossil remains which were found in the Port Ken- 
nedy bone cave having been covered up by it. Those 
remains correspond with the tracks which such animals 
made which are now found in " Ringing Rocks." No 
doubt Hke species roamed over " Ringing Hihs" and 
browsed in the vaUey of the Schuylkill ; and that limestone 

T. 21 



242 APPENDIX. 

was in a plastic condition is proved by its stratification 
below Norristown, where other detritus is deposited with it. 
When found in its virgin condition, it is pure white and has 
crystallized into pure white marble. That which is clouded, 
in the manner of the Rutland marble which forms the 
wainscoting of the corridors of the first floor of the Drexel 
Building, became so through a very slight Irace of carbon 
which permeated it. That found in Mexico and California, 
having hues as if pencilled by the unerring hand of Au- 
rora, may be traced to the waters of the deluge having 
been colored with water-colors, which permeated it while in 
its plastic state. 

There can be no doubt of the non-existence of limestone 
on the earth's surface anterior to the flood, in consequence 
of it possessing properties different from all other mineral 
substances. Moses gives us but little information regard- 
ing mineral and metallic bodies. He only speaks of gold, 
bdellium, and the onyx-stone in the first chapter of Genesis. 

Mr. R. E. Peterson, in his very excellent work entitled 
" Familiar Science, or the Explanation of Common Things," 
on page 167 asks, Why is quick-lime formed by burning 
limestone in a kiln ? His answer is, Because the carbonic 
acid (which rendered it mild) is driven off by the heat of 
the kiln, and the lime becomes quick or caustic. On the 
page following he asks, Why does mortar becomes hard 
after a few days ? His answer is. Because the lime re- 
imbibes from the air the carbonic acid which had been ex- 
pelled by fire, and the loose powder again becomes as hard 
as the original limestone. 



APPENDIX. 243 

Although this reasoning may be correct, it does not 
correspond with our experience in " common things." We 
are aware that all bodies, properties, or substances which 
come in contact with each other partake of such substances 
as they come in contact with ; for instance, if wood lies in 
water that holds mineral salts in solution, the wood will 
partake of those mineral salts by absorption and petrify 
and become as the mineral itself If fresh meat is exposed 
to the atmosphere, it will partake of the properties of the 
atmosphere, and that, being composed of nitrogen four 
parts and oxygen one part, the meat will become tainted by 
the nitrogen and putrescence will take place (providing the 
temperature is above the freezing-point). 

We are compelled to" reason thus with limestone. When 
limestone is put into a kiln, it is reduced to caustic or (as 
mechanics term it) quick-Hme by coming in contact with 
heat, which is the result of fire, having carbon for its base, 
which when pure is charcoal. When fire is applied to the 
charcoal (or coal of any kind), the carbon is transformed 
into carbonic gas (not csLvhonic-acid gas), which enters the 
limestone and reduces it to quick-lime. 

Mr. R. E. Peterson informs us that the carbonic-acid gas 
is driven out by the heat occasioned by the fire ; whereas 
we think carbonic gas enters the limestone from the carbon 
from which it is generated. Carbonic-acid gas is a union of 
three parts of carbon and eight parts of oxygen, which 
oxygen could be supplied only by the atmospheric air. 
We cannot reason that limestone is the embodiment of car- 
bonic-acid gas. Mr. Peterson, on page 163 of his work, 



244 APPENDIX. 

asks, What becomes of the carbonic-acid gas of crowded 
cities ? His answer is that some of it is absorbed by vege- 
tables, the rest is blown away by the winds and diffused 
through the whole volume of air. Thus we see that no 
allusion whatever is made to any of it being in limestone. 
When water is applied to caustic or so-called quick-lime, 
the carbonic gas is disengaged by the oxygen in the water, 
and the quick-lime is again transformed into limestone in 
its original condition. 

There is no doubt that crystallization commenced first on 
the surface of the earth, while the interior was less solid, 
and that which is known, to-day scientifically as carbonate 
of lime was yet in a plastic condition in the interior of the 
earth when the deluge took place. 

ORIGIN OF ASBESTOS. 

I have already stated my behef that asbestos is a product 
having timber for its base, the pores separating the fibre 
being filled with steatite or soapstone (so called) by absorp- 
tion, by water passing over and through it, in like manner 
that petrifactions take place with mineral salts of other 
substances ; the greasy nature of the soapstone prevents it 
from crystallizing as solidly as the carbonate of lime or 
oxide of iron, which allows it to be easily separated and 
manufactured into various articles which are used to repel 
heat. My belief is further strengthened by the fact that a 
beautiful specimen was found in the cut made by the Penn- 
sylvania Schuylkill Valley Railroad immediately on the 
border and adjoining the soapstone quarry at Lafayette 



APPENDIX. 245 

Station, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, by the work- 
men under Malcolm Patterson, engineer in charge of said 
operation, in the autumn of 1883. That vein of soapstone 
is vertical, running northeast to southwest, and perhaps 
varying from one hundred to two hundred feet in width, 
and occupying the earth's natural formation to an unknown 
depth. But limestone is an overlying deposit of the 
deluge. 

SLATE IN COAL. 

In a previous article I have said that our best instruct- 
ors are those who analyze and simplify our studies. The 
vague description our geologists give of the origin of lime- 
stone is beyond the comprehension of any one. 

They assert that limestone is the result of animalcula 
depositing a sedimentary substance in the water, but where 
those animalcula get that substance from is not explained. 
When we find large deposits of slate having limestone for 
its base, embedded between strata of coal and sand-rock, in 
alternate layers one above the other, deposited seemingly at 
the same time, we have a problem confronting us for which 
there is apparently but one solution. 

There is no slate in bituminous coal, to my knowledge. 
The nearest resemblance to it is cannel-coal, which appears 
like slate, and may have carbonate of lime for its base, inter- 
mixed largely with resinous timber or other vegetation of 
like character, which imparts that free-burning property 
to it. 

Coal-operators inform me that the impress of ferns and 
leaves of other vegetation is only found in the slate and 



246 APPENDIX. 

red shale formations bordering on the coal-measures. 
There is no doubt that these ferns and leaves were covered 
with the timber which now forms our coal, but could not 
be preserved in their original outline from the fact of the 
material in which they w^ere deposited not being suitable for 
that purpose. We are enabled to accurately trace only the 
fossil remains of ferns and like production in the carbonate 
of lime, which was ejected from the interior of the earth at 
the time the " fountains of the great deep were broken up," 
which was then in a fine plastic consistency admirably 
suited to accommodate itself to the form of the plant, and 
thus preserve it in its entirety. We find shells and fossil 
remains of every kind numerously deposited in limestone 
at various places. 

The coloring of slate among the coal is due to the pres- 
ence of carbon and sulphur as a part of its composition, 
and, in proof of it having been supplied from the interior 
of the earth, I will analyze the measurements of Plymouth 
shaft No. 4 in the Wyoming basin, which measurements 
have only been given to a depth of three hundred and 
thirty-eight feet and one inch. 

Commencino; at the bottom and noting; the strata as we 
ascend, w^e first find a bed of fire-clay three feet three 
inches thick, the properties of which are well known to 
brick-makers. The next stratum is a bed of red-ash coal 
forty feet nine inches thick, v/hich is composed of every 
kind of timber (except resinous), and has been drifted there 
by the flood. The next stratum above that is brown sand- 
stone sixteen feet three inches thick, which has crystallized 



APPENDIX. 247 

from sand. The next stratum above is fire-clay four feet 
eleven inches thick. The next above that is coal twenty 
feet ten inches thick. The next above is a stratum of slate. 
The next stratum above that is dark sandstone three feet 
one inch thick. 

The next stratum is light slate five feet ten inches thick, 
which is carbonate of lime with a small amount of carbon 
in it. There are fifteen strata following above, composed 
of sand-rock, pebble-rock, fire-clay, coal, and other forma- 
tions, amounting in the aggregate to one hundred and 
thirty feet five inches in thickness. Then there is a bed of 
coal of thirteen feet, on the top of which there is a bed of 
slate eight feet eleven inches thick, next above is a deposit 
of gray sandstone twenty-three feet three inches thick. 
The next stratum above is a bed of slate nine feet two 
inches thick, and the last or upper stratum is marked sur- 
face, which we believe to be an alluvial deposit forty-seven 
feet seven inches thick. 

We have gone through five strata of slate, and made par- 
ticular mention of four of them. The first one noticed is 
at a depth of two hundred and forty-one feet three inches 
from the top ; the second stratum is eight feet eleven 
mches nearer the surface ; the third noticed is eighty feet 
down from the top, and the fourth is only forty-seven feet 
seven inches from the surface. 

There can be but one conclusion in this matter, — that 
is, that all those deposits which we have named have been 
deposited by the deluge at the same time, and those we 
now term slate have been formed from carbonate of lime 



248 APPENDIX. 

thrown out of the interior of the earth in a soft, plastic con- 
dition. Were it not so, the first deposit of carbonate of 
lime would have crystallized before the others had been 
made, and while that deposit was crystallizing like sub- 
stances at other places would be undergoing the same 
transformation, and when the subsequent deposits should 
have taken place we would not have found them as they 
are now deposited. 



OXYGEN THE CAUSE OF MINERAL SUBSTANCES CRYSTALLIZING. 

For many years I have been acquainted with an out- 
cropping of granite boulders running northeast and south- 
west across Chester, Montgomery, and Bucks Counties, 
Pennsylvania, along the head-waters of streams tributary to 
the Schuylkill River, which have all been worn round like 
cobble-stones, each of many tons' weight. It was always 
apparent that they had been worn off by erosion, but 
whether from the rains of over four thousand years gently 
falling on them or by a cataclysm which denuded them at 
once, was difficult to determine. I set out to investigate 
that fact this summer, and found the missing granules 
which were swept away by the deluge safely deposited 
deep in the earth and now composing Flat Rock at Mana- 
yunk, corresponding exactly with the missing material 
just described. But what caused crystallization to take 
place the second time, after having lain about sixteen hun- 



APPENDIX. 249 

dred and fifty-six years in their primeval condition, and 
now as solid as the parent boulders themselves ? 

I next attempted to solve the mystery of crystallization- 
of carbonate'of lime. I have been over " Ringing Rocks," 
and found the footprints of antediluvian animals in them, 
and, following the river about thirteen miles below to Port 
Kennedy, I found the remains of animals described by 
Prof. E. D. Cope in his report of the " Port Kennedy Bone 
Cave," exactly to correspond with such animals as would 
have made those footprints, except the horse. I next con- 
sulted cross-sections of borings made by our State Geologist 
of the anthracite coal fields, and found crystallization to have 
taken place there with material promiscuously deposited by 
the flood. 

Actual investigation proves the fact that water has had 
all to do with crystallization. I have had experience in 
quarrying and digging wells in rock of primitive formation, 
and always have found the rocks much more solid as we 
descended into the earth where they had been subjected to 
water. I will not say that an increased solidity would be 
continued as we neared the centre of the earth. Water 
being composed of eight parts of oxygen and one part of 
hydrogen, it is reasonable to suppose that the mineral would 
absorb only a certain amount of oxygen as the water per- 
colates through the earth and permeates the rock, whicli is 
the common cause for crystallization. Coal that is mined 
contains a certain amount of hydrogen which can be ex- 
tracted from it and driven out of it by heat, and used for 
illuminating our streets and dwellings. The question is 



250 



APPENDIX. 



how did the hydrogen get into the coal? Simply by water 
percolating through it and depositing the hydrogen in the 
coal. 

Our best slate for commercial purposes is obtained below 
the water-level. Cobble-stones for street-paving that have 
lain in rivers with the water pouring over them are far more 
solid than minerals of like formation found on the surface 
of the earth. 

Trusting that this may assist my readers to comprehend 
a matter which has for ages baffled the genius of educated 
minds, I will submit the fact for their consideration. 



THE END, 



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